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CORN ERE INGE hese EIB R AR Y

BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND GIVEN IN 1891 BY

HENRY WILLIAMS SAGE

Tere

NATURAL HISTOR Y

eal Pi Si ENS EC TPS.

EXPLAINING THEM IN@?TRUEIR SEVERAL STATES,

WITH THE PERIODS OF THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS; THEIR FOOD, OECONOMY, &c.

TOGETHER WITH THE

HISTORY OF SUCH MINUTE INSECTS

AS REQUIRE INVESTIGATION BY THE MICROSCOPE.

THE WHOLE ELLUSTRATED BY

oO LO e hon 9h GU. kon s.

DESIGNED AND EXECUTED FROM LIVING SPECIMENS,

By EF DONOVAN. OTS YEW tS atts SSE Za as a VO i. ALI. NE 7 ad LONDON: PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR, And for F, and C, Rivincton, N° 62, St. PauL’s CuvrcH-YARDa

M DCC XCVIII.

fsa J

PLATE CCLXXIV;

HoiG. J, IL PHALANA HUMULI

Guost MorTH.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Antenne taper from the bafe: wings in general deflected when at reft, Fly by night.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SY NONYMS.

Female yellow, with fulvous marks. Male fnowy white.

PuaLeéna Humuti: alis flavis fulvo ftriatis maris niveis. Linz. Syft. Nat. 2.833. 84.—Fn. Sv. 1147.

Hepratus Humuut: Fab. Ent. Syft. T. 8. p. 2.54 fp. 1s Degeer. Inf. 1. tab.'1. fig. 5, 6. Sulz. Hift. Inf. tab. 22. fig. 1.

The male and female of Phalena Humuli are very difmilar, and may eafily be miftaken for diftin& fpecies. The male is perfectly white, with a glofs like fatin, the abdomen, antennz, and margin of the wings excepted, for thefe are reddifh brown. The female is of a ow colour, with feveral fulvous or orange marks ; and is

fine yell

fomewhat larger than the other fex.

The larva lives in the earth, at the roots of the Burdock and hop. It is of a very pale or whitifh colour, with a brown head, and has

fixteen feet.

Fe FIG.

60 PLAT Ec CQLxxIV.

EO 1G. 2G PHALANA HECTA. GoLpEN SwirT MoruH.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER

AND

SYNONYMS.

Wings yellow, the anterior pair with two yellow bands of inter-

rupted dots.

Puatana HectrA: lutea, alis deflexis: primoribus fafcus duabus albidis obliquis punctata interruptis. Fn. Sv. 1148.— Gmel. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ent. p. 2617. fp. 85.

Hepiatus Hecrus. Fad. Ent. Syft. 7.3. p. 2. p. 6. Sp. 4. Degeer. Inf. 1. tab. 7. fig. 11.

&

This fpecies is common in the fkirts of woods in May and June. The colours in the male Infe€t are more vivid than the female, and the {pots on the anterior wings in particular are of fuch a beautiful yellow, that Englith colle€tors have termed this kind the Golden Swift Moth.

It commences its flight earlier in the evening than any other of the nocturnal lepidopterous infeéts. Its manner of flying is ver fingular, and attraéted the notice of Linnzus, who aptly caper it tothe motion of the pendulum of a clock.

The larva is unknown: it is fuppofed to feed on the roots of plants under ground.

PLATE

Pee oy 7. eer 7 ar aa etal igadlad cede .

ceoahey crite ven “a? a : 7 ; 5" y

| seid ee:

sea ce eer ie ike

. _ : 7 ; > . aan tet wen bar oe) y Paar 7 es. 6 i aeird Ct) lee ; : : nA Ton | a “ us Pm oy nae) a “gw : : ;

14

P Lido tk.» xiv,

PH ALJ NA. ©-.0'5 S US. Goat Morn.

LEPIDOPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER,

Antenne taper from the bafe. Wings in general contracted when at reft. Fly by night. |

SPECIFIC CHARACTER, AND

SYNONYM S-

Grey, with fhort black irregular curved lines on the upper wings.

Antennz feathered.

PHatzna Cossus. Bombyx elinguis, alis deflexis nebulofis, thorace -fafcia poftica atra. Linn. Sy/t.

Nat. 2. 504. 40. edit. To.

PHALANA pedtinicornis clinguis, alis albo cinereis, ftriis tranfverfis nebulofis nigris. abdomine annulis albis. Geoff. Inf. 2. 102. 4. Degeer Inf. Vers. Germ. 2. 1. 268. I. Merian. Europ, tab. 36. Roef. Inf. 1. phal. 2. tab, 18. Reaum. Inf. 1. tab. 17. fig. 1s §- Albin. Inf. tab. 35. fiz. 56. Lyonet Traite de Chenille. Scheff. Icon. tab. O1. fig. 1. 2.

Goed. Inf. 2. tab, 33- The

16 PLATE scxty.

The Caterpillar of the Goat Moth feeds on the ee, fubftance

of willow trees; it is faid to be alfo found in the body of the oak, but

we have never difcovered any in fuch a fituation. The eggs are aid

in the crevices of the trees ; as foon as the Caterpillars are hatched, they begin to pierce into the folid wood. In moft parts of England they are called Auger Worms; the holes which they make in the

timber appearing as if bored with that Inftrument.

It lives in the Caterpillar ftate three years before it is transformed to a pupa; when full fed it is four inches long, the body appears very flefhy, and without hairs ; the head is black, and armed with very fharp forceps; the cafe is compofed of bits of wood and faw-duft, which it unites with a ftrong web ; the infide is lined with a fine .f{mooth white filmy fubftance, like fattin ; it paffles to the pupa ftate in the cavity which it has perforated i in the Caterpillar ftate, within three or four inches of the opening: it remains only two months in that ftate before the Fly is produced.

Is found in chryfalis in May ; in the fly ftate, the latter end of June er in july. ;

PLATE

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IS

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PHALANA AESCULT. _ Woop Leoparp Morn.

LEPIDOPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

-Antenne taper from the bafe. Wings in general deflexed when at reft. Fly by night.

SERCINIC CHARACTER

AND

SYNONYMS,

Wings white, with many dark blue round fpots. Six fpots on the Thorax.

PuaLANaA AESCULI:; elinguis levis nivea, antennis thorace brevio- ribus, alis punétis numerofis cceruleo nigris, thorace fenis. Lin. Syft. Nat, 2.833. 83 —In. Sv. 1150.

Bombyx Aefculi. Mant. Inf. 2. 116. 85.

Hepialus Aefculi. Fab. Spec. Inf. 2. 208. 146. 4.

Coffus Aefculi. Wien. Verzeichn. tab. tit. pref. AGta Soc. Beral. phy/- 3. tab. 1. fig. 1. 2. Pod. Inf. 88. 16.

Wood Leopard Moth. Harris Inf. angl.

sac AERTS TC EEE

It is to a very fingular and trivial circumftance we are indebted for the {pecimens of both the male and female of this rare fpecies. They were obferved together on the bark of an elm tree in the Mall

~in St. James’s Park, by fome ignorant perfons, who being terrified at

their extraordinary appearance, attempted to deftroy them, but a gentleman

28 PLATE CLII.

by at the fame infant, having

gentleman who happened to pals touches

either more curiofity or lefs apprehenfion of danger fro them, took them up, and preferved'them. We conclude they could have but juft before come out of their chryfalides, the female being ina moft perfeét ftate, and the male equally fine, except that it had Joft one of its upper wings.

We muft claim the indulgence of the more f{cientific part of our readers for the minutenefs with which we have detailed fuch trifling circumftances; it can indeed afford very little amufement to them, but, it may ferve to remind many who are not in the habit of col- leGting Infeéts, that their occafional endeavours would be likely to_ extend the Science of Entomology; for it often happens that the moft affiduous Naturalifts are indebted to fuch perfons for the rareft {pecimens their cabinets poflefs.

The Moths were found late in June. On examining the crevices of fome of the trees near the fpot, we found a quantity of the eggs; they were rather of an oval form, and linked together like a chain, as fhewn in the plate; and having carefully preferved them in a branch of a plumb-tree * under the bark, we had the fatisfa€tion to fee fome young Caterpillars produced ina few weeks. But either owing to the want of proper food or good management they all died foon after, except two or three, and thefe never arrived at their full fize. The Caterpillar from which the Figure in the annexed is copied, was found under the bark of one of the elm-trees in St. James’s Park, but being difturoed, it never became a Pupa. The Caterpillar makes a cafe, of the duft of thé wood which it gnaws, and cernents together, and in this it lies concealed beneath the bark. The head of the Caterpillar is hard, and the frft ring is furnifhed

with a itrong horny fubfance,

Harris, about twenty years ago, was fo fortunate as to breed this Moth from the Caterpillar, and we are not acquainted with any

* T frequently find, when the Plant of an Infe& is unknown,

that they will li the Plumb-tree, when they refufe other food. y will live on

fimilar

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PLA WE CLL ! 29

fimilar inftance fince that time. In the Plates of Roefel, vol. 4. a ’ Figure of the Caterpillar is given, but without either Pupa or Moth, fo that were it not for the reference and authority of Linnzus, and fince his time, of Fabricius, it would fcarcely be known to what Infeét it belonged. The eggs we have not found either figured or -defcribed, though they are fo very fingularly united together, and would certainly have been noticed by the ingenious Roefel if he had met with them.

The Antenne of the female are fetaceous, or like a briftle, but that part of the male is both fingular and beautiful; it is elegantly feathered next the bafe. and terminates ina briftle, like the female,

PLATE

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PHALANA PAVONIA. EmMpPEROR=MoTH.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Antenne tapering from the bafe: wings in general deflected when at reft. Fly by night.

Bombyx. SPHGUPICCCHARACT EE

AND SYNONYMS

Wings rounded, grey, blended: and barred with brown; an ocellar femitranfparent fpot in the middle of each wing.

PHALANA pavonia: alis rotundatis grifeo nebulofis fubfafciatis : ocello ni€titante fubfeneftrato. Linn. Fn. Suec. 1099.

The male is fmaller than the female, its colours much darker on the upper wings, the lower orange, and the antennz as in the reft of the Bombyces confiderably peétinated, while thofe of the female are fetaceous. The caterpillar is of a green colour, with a black ring ~ furrounding each joint, and every ring is befet with feveral yellowifh

| tubercles.

h ‘i

‘ l

B 3 The

6 PLEA © ieee

prevails between the male and

The conformity and likenefs which cannot how- —

female throughout the greater part of the animal fyftem, cal ever in Infeéts be implicitly depended on ; the difference in many 1s fuch as even to miflead fome very accurate Entomologifts, the iluftrious Linnzus not excepted. In this fpecies it is not fo great as in many, but fuch as entitles the female to a figure in a future plate :

Our figure is of the male.

Albin, (Plate 25, Subjeé? 37,) has given a figure of the male and female on the fame plate, and defcribes a male to have changed to the aurelia ftate as in our plate reprefented July 16, and March 18 fol- lowing to have produced the Fly. But the time of their appearance de- pends on the proportion of heat or cold; as the author’s fubje& was pre= | ferved from the feverity of winter, ina warm room. The ufual time . to find them in the caterpillar ftate is Auguft, and in April the Fly.

The fingular provifion which nature makes for the proteétion of this Fly deferves particular notice; when the time of its continuation in the caterpillar {tate is expired, by much labour it forms a kind of bag or purfe, of a very tough fubftance; this it fixes againft the trunks. of trees, &c. by a number of hairs or filaments, which remain on the. external furface. It lines the euter cafe by one of a finer texture, the top of which is clofed by feveral briftles that unite in the center, exactly reprefenting a cap, and excludes almoft the poffibility of its receiving an injury during this defencelefs ftate. In this bag it paffes to the aurelia, and remains until the birth of the perfeét infeét.—Our figure reprefents the chryfalis or aurelia in the bag; _ part appears torn away to exhibit its fituation therein.

Were we to unite the feveral accounts of authors refpe€ting its food, it would appear to be a general feeder; it will live on the rofe, the, elm, and the willow ; and on thorns and brambles particularly.

PLATS

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a I od cate

Wy

5

THE Pet TURAL, HISTORY

OF

BEIM st. IN SECTS:

PLAT EB. CCLIIL.

PHALZHNA PAVONIA, minor. fem.

Emperor Morn, female.

THE male of this fine {pecies of Phalana has been given in the firft number of this Work, with a promife that the female fhould be added in a future Plate. The larva and pupa is reprefented with the male Infeét; but we have alfo introduced other caterpillars of the fame f{pecies with the annexed figure, to fhew the different

ftages of their growth. When young they are yellowifh: the tuber- cles black, with a ftripe of the fame on the fegments of the joints. After this, the yellow bands become orange, and the tran{verfe black ftripes appear interrupted with longitudinal bands of pale green. Some ‘are entirely green, except the tubercles, which are yellow, and a {mall

black fpeck on each joint; and others are green, checquered with . . black,

4 PLAT E CCE.

black, and marked on the fide with a row of femilunar bate In the winged ftate, we find more permanent and chara¢teriftic diftinc-

tions.

Linnezus, and after him Fabricius, defcribes three Tes of Phalzna Bavonia: 2 minor 8 media and y major, The firft is the fpecies found in this country, and in the north of Europe. The exiftence of the fecond was formerly difputed by fome naturalifts ; and the laft is fo extremely different, at leaft in point of magni- tude, that we may almoft venture to remove it from the two pre-

ceding.

The difference between the male and female of the common Emperor Moth is ftrikingly obvious; the male is {maller than the female, and the colours in general darker; the pofterior wings alfo are orange in the male, and not fo in the female; and finally, the two fexes may be determined by the ftruéture of the antennz: thofe of the male being nearly oval, and very deeply feathered, or peéti- nated, and thofe of the female being alfo pe€tinated, but fo flightly as to appear fetaceous. The Phalzna Pavonia media is a moft ex- traordinary variety, for both the male and female fo perfeétly re- femble the female Emperor Moth, P. P. media, which we have figured, that it may be miftaken for the fame {pecies: the female differs in no refpeét from it; and the male only in the form of the antenne. We have received this remarkable infe&t from Italy and Germany. It is figured by E/per, Phal. 3. tab. 3; and is thus defcribed by Linneus and Fabricius, 8 media: * fingularis ob feminam mari fimilimam.’’ The third, P. Pavonia major, can by no means be confounded with the preceding: our {pecimen of it is fix inches in breadth, and is alfo very bulky: it is found in the Pays de vaud, Roefel has given a figure of both fexes with the larva and pupa. The winged infe& is of a dingy brown, the marks fomewhat fimilar to thofe of the common kind. The larva is large, with the head fmall in proportion. The whole is of a citron green,

furnifhed

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furnifhed with elevated tubercles, whofe fummits diverge into rays like a ftar, and are of an azure blue colour: it is alfo befet with a number of long filaments or threads, each of which terminates in a little capitulum fimilar to the antennz of a Butterfly.

A PLATE

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227

PEACE -COXXVIL PHALANA MONACHA.

Bracx Arcues Morn.

LEPIDOPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Antenne taper from the bafe: wings in general deflected when at reft, Fly by night.

SIE CI FIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS.

Wings white, with black arches: abdomen with red incifures.

PuHaLzZzNA MonacBA: alis deflexis albis atro undatis, abdominis incifuris fanguineis. Lin. Sy/t. Nat. 2. 821. 43.— Fn. Sv. 1130.—Fab. Ent. Syft. T. 3. p. 1. 446, 119. Wien. Verz. 52. 5. Wilks pap. 19. tab. 3. a. 4. Schaff. Icon. tab. 68. fiz. 2, 3.

We have in few inftances been able to prefent a fpecies of Pha-

| lana, with all its metamorphofis, more deferving attention than the Black Arches Moth. It is uncommonly rare in the winged ftate, and its larva and pupa is, we prefume, unknown to the Englifh Entomologifts at this time. We imagine Harris met with, and a this

30 PLATE C@€XXVIL

this Infe@t, though he has not figured it: he fays it fed on the Oak, that it changed into chryfalis June 9th, and appeared in the winged ftate July 9th, a flatement nearly correfponding with the later obfervation of others. >

The larva is rather a general feeder ; for though Harris mentions only Oak, we found that it would not refufe the leaves of fruit-trees, fuch as Apples, pears, &c.; it feeds alfo on the Willow and Sallow. The female is larger than the male, and has antennz like briftles.

PLATE

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Ritdicletee:

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Poe a Ee CLT.

PHALANA DISPAR.

Gipsey Moru.

LEPIDOPTERA. GENERIC CHARACTER.

Antenne taper from the bafe. Wings in general deflexed when az rell. Fly by night. Bombyx.

Se eerrre CH AnhACT Ek

AND SYNONY MS.

Female, yellowifh white with dark tranfverfe zigzac lines acrofg _ the upper wings. Male, fmaller, dark brown, with lines and waves of black.

Puavena Dispar: alisdeflexis mafculis grifeo fufcoque nebulofis, | foemineis albidis: lituris nigris. Lin, Sy. Nat. 2. 821.44. Fab. Spec. Inf. 2. 182. 66. —Syft. Ent. 3. pars. 1, 437. 9%, Roef. Inf. \. phal. 2. tab. 3. Reaum. Inf. 2. tab. 1. fig. 11. 14. Merian. Europ. 1. tab, 18. Frifch, Inf. \. 14. tab. 3. Schaff. Icon. tab. 28. fig. S—6. Geoff. Inf. 2. 12. 14 | That

65 PLAT EF CEXIT,

That the Phalana Difpar was not uncommonly {carce about fifteen years ago, is evident from this circumflance, few collections of Britifh infe€ts, that were in the hands of eminent colleCtors, are without an Englifh fpecimen, which was procured about that time; and Harris, in 1775, as well as fome other writers about the fame period, fpeak confidently of its being found in this country. Berken. ‘ hout, in his Synopfis, fays, it is ‘‘ frequent about Ealing, in Middle- ex.” But this we can, on the beft authority, difpute; it never was frequent in that place, though it has feveral times been met with, by colleGtors of infe€&ts; a parcel of eggs being obtained from them, and hatching, many caterpillars were procured ; and thefe being carefully attended, feveral moths were alfo produced. This is not a very extraordinary circumftance, as many of the rareft infeéts may become common, when the eggs, or a brood of caterpillars, can be

difcovered.

We are willing to acknowledge, that we have not been more for tunate in our refearches for the caterpillar or moth of this fpecies, than any others engaged in the {cience of entomology; but we have procured from Germany a colle€ion, containing many valuable rarities that have been found in this country at different times; amongft thefe we have moft perfe&t and finely preferved {pecimens of Phalena Difpar, in its feveral ftates, and thefe perfeétly agree with thofe formerly colleéted in England. Our Plate contains only one figure of the caterpillar, and that is of the female. The male differs

only in being fmaller, and in the fize of the head, which is lefs inv proportion than that of the female.

{n this inftance, we truft, any apology will be unneceffary, though the original fpecimens were not found in this country : it muft be an advantage to the work to contain figures of the rareft infects; and

fhould any of our readers be fo fortunate as to find the caterpillar, they

and the proper food to rear it Seth b 4 i: : ; ; on; or, if the brood be extinét, the plate will be more interefting,

, as there cannot remain'a-donuht of its hav; -en indi : t a doubt of its hay ing been indigenous in

wall be able to determine the fpecies,

England.

PLATE CLXIt. 69

In foreign countries it is very injurious to gardens, and fruit-trees in particular. Berkenhout {fays, it feeds on “* Oak, Ath, Apple-trees, &c.”’ but we are rather inclined to doubt his information, except as to the latter, though he is partly fanftioned by Linneus. Geoffroy fays, it feeds on the Elm.

For the time of its appearance we are indebted to Harris ; he fays the caterpillar changed to chryfalis the 11th of July, the moth ap- peared July 31; from which it appears certain that he reared it from the caterpillar. Hehas not, however, given a figure of it in the Au- relian, or any other of his publications.

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PHALAUWN.A PU DIBU NDA. PAE Dussock MoT.

LEPIDOPTERA,

GENERIC CHARACTER.

_ Antenne taper from the bafe. Wings in general deflexed when at reft. Fly by night. ; Bombyx.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS.

Wings light, greyifh: three tranfverfe waves acrofs each upper wing.

PHALANA PupIBUNDA: 4lis deflexis cinereis, ftrigis tribus un- datis fufcis. Lin. Sy/t. Nat. 2. 824. 44. Fn, Sv. 1118. fab. Spec. Inf. 2. 188. 68. Lint. Syft. Tom 3~p. V. p. 438. 97. Pbalena pe@inicornis, elinguis, alis deflexis cinereo undulatis, fafciis tranfverfis obfcurioribus, capite inter pedes porreftos. Geof. Inf. 2. a oe Phaleng cinerea, alis oblongis, exterioribus quatuor lineis nigrican-

tibus Eaety erfis, diftinGtis. Raj. Lnf.

[35 . ‘ ay Inf: 1. phal. 2. tab. 38. i Ammir. tab. 18 | Goed. Inf. 3. tab. 5. Merian. Europ. 1. tab. 47. k | Degeer. Inf.\. tab. 16. fig. 11.12.

Ge The

60 PLA CLE. The Jight Tuffock Moth iS found late in September, or during the

month of Oftober.. The Caterpillar is both beautiful and fingular:

it feeds on the oak, on which it 1s met with, from the latter end of

July till the middle of September, at which time it is of its full fize, and becomes a pupa; it {pins a web between the leaves, and remains in the chryfalis about thirty days. The eggs are of a pale brownifh

colour, fig. 1.

PLATE

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576

L oid

Pre DEX NVI, PHALJENA FASCELINA: DARK TUSSOCK MOTH. LEPIDOPTERA. GENERIC CHARACTER,

Antenne taper from the bafe: wings in general defleéted when at rest: fly by night. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND

SYNONYMS.

Wings defleled, cinereous, fprinkled with black points, and trae verfed by two flexuous fulvous fireaks.

PHALENA FASCELINA: alis deflexis cinereis: atomis ftrigifque

| duabus repandis. Linn Sy/t. Nat. 2. 825. 55. Fn. Su. 1119.—fabr. Ent. Syf. T. 8. p. 1. p. 43). 98.

The larva of this Moth is hairy and tufted, the pupa folliculate. The larva is found (chiefly on the -ak) in the month of May; the Moth appears in July. A local fpecies, common in fome parts of the country, but not frequent near London.

N2 LINNJEAN

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Bob, A, LE. -GCXXXiII, PHALZNA QUERCIFOLIA.

Lapret Morn.

LEPIDOPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Antennz taper from the bafe : wings in general deflected when at reft. Fly by night. Bombyx.

SPECIFIC. CHARACTER AND

SYNONYMS:

Wings reverfed, {calloped, red brown: mouth and fhanks black.

_ PHALZNA QUERCIFOLIA: alis reverfis dentatis ferrugineis, ore tibiifque nigris. Linn. Syft. Nat. 2. 812. 18. Fn. Sv. 1110.

BomByx QUERCIFOLIA. Fab. Ent. Syft. T. 3. po 1s 420042.

Reef. Inf. \. Phal. 2. tab. 41.

Scheff. Icon. tab. 71. figs 456

Merian Europ. tab. 1. figs 30

Reaum. Inf. 2. tab. 28.

in — Sulz. Inf. tab. 16. figs 93.

ee dibin. Inf. \. tab. 16,

Phalena

42 PT, AR Ere.

Phalena Quercifolia is a rare and interefting Infeét, and is the largeft of the Englifh bombyces, if we follow the arrangement of the Entomologia Syftematica of Fabricius, and remove the Linnzan

Bombyx Coffus * to a new genus f.

The trivial name Lappet Moth has been given to this {pecies by fome early Collegtors of Englith Infeéts, becaufe they obferved, when the creature was at reft, and the wings expanded in a natural pofition, that the anterior part of the fecond pair /apped over the firft, inflead of the firf pair repofing on the fecond, as in many other fpecies of Phalena. This appearance is very ftriking, but not peculiar to Phalena Quercifolia. Bombyces, with fimilar reverfed wings, ‘are \ numerous, and feveral of them natives of this country; as Phal. Quercus, Potatoria, &c.

In a former volume we have given The Pine Lappet Moth; an Infeét that is extremely uncommon in Great Britain; that, with the prefent fpecies, are the only two Britith Phalzna called Lappet Moths; another Infeé& clofely allied to P. Quercifolia, and fup- poled to be the Phal. Populifolia, is faid to be an Englifh Infeét, but on what authority we are not informed. The very different appear- ances of the larva of Phal. Quercifolia in different flages of its; growth, may poffibly have caufed fome miftake ; for in one fkin they are brown, with whitifh marks; in another greyifh, with dark brown marks; and when of a full fize, are more inclined to brown and grey in fome fpecimens than in others. Notwithftanding, however, the variation of colours, in all its changes, we find that the two oval blue marks on the fecond and third feement of the body are conftant, and fufficient to determine the {fpecies. The larva of Bombyx Populifolia is very fimilar to that of B- Quercifolia, when young, if we may judge by the only figure of it extant, but the mark acrofs the fecond fegment is narrow and black ; that on the third fegment broader, with two femi-lunated red {pots.—Vide Kleeman’s Beytraege, (Sc. Vol. 8s tab. 14.

* Goat Moth, + Coffus ligniperdam—-Faé, The

’ o>. + - y aT ez: Sa By aayt A of i wn. bie ey ‘ ; ww es *

aa : : Sia 5 7 i oe | PF] at vy 7 # bya ro 7 . v 7 \ meat n ay, ‘aire oe A - . e be t a ya gt. i r . 4 ‘ Ra a rt i 7 WF : ‘ % .

pens! ti y

ee ny

e wal | ad eee 7 7 + Ss

~

eee ae

PLATE CCXXXIL 43

The larva of P. Quercifolia we have taken in Darent Wood, Kent, on the grafs; it feeds alfo on Willow, Biackthorn, and Whitethorn. At the end of April, or not later than May, it forms a large and loofe {pinning interwoven with its hairs, of black, reddifh, and grey colours. The pupa is black, but appears perfeétly white, being covered with a fine white pollen, or powder; each feg- ment is encircled by a belt, of a red colour.

In July and Auguft it is found in the Fly fiate.

PLATS

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by tee 4

! PLATE CLXXVIII.

PHALANA PINI.

Pine Laprpet Moru LEPIDOPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Antennz taper from the bafe. Wings in general deflexed when at reft, Fly by night.

Bombyx. Antennz of the male feathered.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND

SYNONYMS. Firft wings grey, {peckled with brown: a broad fpace of red

_ brown acrofs each, and a triangular white fpot near the anterior margin.

Bomsyx Pini: alis reverfis grifeis: fafcia ferruginea punétoque

triangulari albo. Linn. Sy/t. Nat. 2. 814. 24.-—F'n. Sv: 1104.—Fab. Syft. Ent. 3, p. 2. 426. 62.

Merian, Europ. tab, 22.

Wilks. pap. 29. tab, 3. b. 5.

Roef. Inf. 1. phal. 2. tab. 59.

Scheff. Icon. tab. 86. fig. 1-3.

Kleman. Inf: 2. Suppl. pl. 6. fig. 7+

Sr TT

The Pine Lappet. Moth is one of thofe {pecies of infeéts, that we

can have no doubt are natives of this country, from the concurrent teflimony

106 PLATE. CLXXVIIL

teftimony of the refpe@lable authors; though from the {carcity of many amongft them, we fhould be fcarcely inclined to admit them into an Englifh colle€tion without fuch authority+ Perhaps the Ta- rity of fome of thofe infeéts fhould be rather attributed to the little attention beftowed on the fcience of Entomology by fuch as refide in parts of the kingdom that are moft favourable to the increafe of infeéts in general; or to thofe particularly rare {pecies that are local, or feed only on plants of one kind; fuch as the Sphinx Euphorbia, and many others.

Wilks has given the Pine Lappet Moth in the third plate of the Englifh butterflies. Harris has not figured it in the Aurelian*, but in the Pocket Companiont he not only defcribes it amongft the Englith Lepidoptera, but fays, the time of its changing into Chry- falis is May, and that it appears in the winged ftate in June; from this we muft fuppofe, that he had reared it from the Caterpillar; Berkenhout, in his fynopfis of the Natural Hiftory of Great Britain i has given it without hefitation as an Englifh infe&t; and the autho- — tity of a little traét on infeéts, by Martin §, may be adduced as a further confirmation of its being a native of this country.

This Infe& is not uncommon in: Germany. Scheffer has figured it amongft the infeéts that are to be found in the environs of Ra- tifbon; and Roefel, without confidering it a local fpecies, has - given it as a native of Germany. Whether it is found in other parts of Europe, except Switzerland and Germany, we cannot decide; but we have the precife {pecies from Georgiain North America.

We obferve a confiderable difference betweenithe colouring of this moth in the works of Scheffer and Raoefel, which is the more re- matkable, as they both defcribe the infe&ts of the fame country; the figure given by the latter is much darker in the chefnut colour, and the grey has no appearance of an intermixture of red fpecks and markings, like that figured in Scheffer, which inclines very much to

red or fleth colour throughout. Roefel has only figured the female; - Scheffer has given both fexes,

* Publithed in 1766, 71795; $ 1789. § 1785

PLATE

dai

, [103 3

PLAT En CLXXVIL

THE

CATERPILLAR OF

PHALANA PINI. + nea = =

We have introduced in the annexed plate, figures of the Cater- pillars of Phalena Pini, copied from the works of the two moft accurate entomologifts that have defcribed or figured the infeéts of any part of the European continent; and though unfortunately the defcriptions are written in a language fo little underftood as to be wholly ufelefs ; the figures are very interefting. In this inftance we have deviated no more from our original plan than when we intro- duced the larva of Sphinx Euphorbia, and Phalena Fraxini ; and we flatter ourfelves in thus endeavouring to give the hiftory of a rare infe&t complete, the approbation expreffed by our fubfcribers, on former occafions, will not be withheld on the prefent.

Roefel, in 1746, publifhed the Infecten Beluftigung; in which work we find a figure of the Caterpillar of Phalzna Pini: it accords with the defcription given by Fabricius; perhaps the defeription was taken from Roefel’s plate. ‘‘ Larva fubcaudata, albo grifeo fufcoque variegata, collaribus coeruleis: punétis utrinque rufis.”’ Fab. Syft. T. 3. p. 2. 426. 62.

Kleeman, the relation and fucceffor of Roefel, in the third part of his fupplement, Plate 6. fig. 7*. has fhewn the Caterpillar of this

* Publifhed in 1793. L 4 infe&

104 PLAT E~CLXXVI. 7

infe& in another fkin, or probably it is the Caterpillar of the male, Roefel having only the female in his works; in this fpecimen the colours are bright, and it is particularly diftinguifhed by the collar being red inftead of blue. As this part of his work is fcarcely known, and has not, yet been noticed by Fabricius, we cannot colleé& the opinion of any fyftematical writer, whether it be the other fex, or only a different fkin.

The pupa we received with the moths; and the eggs figured in plate 178, were taken from the body of the female. |

PLATE

; a oe,” yee.

vd » ™ S its ay.OF fi oe

{ i ' q

[9 sa]

Pb A T*E (| CXLVIIE'

PHALANA POTATORIA,

Drinker Moru.

LEPIDOPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Antenne taper from the bafe. Wings in general deflexed when at reft. Fly by night,

BomByx,

Antenne, of the male feathered ; female, like a briflle,

SPECIFIC CHARACTER

AND

SYNONYMS,

Yellow brown, Wings flightly fcalloped; on each of the upper

_ wings an oblique line, and two white {pots near the anterior margin.

Female paler colour than the male,

- PHALANA PoTaToriA;: alis reverfis fubdentatis flavis, ftriga fulva

repandaque, punétis duobus albis.—Sy/?. Ent. 564. 28. ‘PHALENA maxima alis fulvo flavicantibus. Raj. Inf. 143. 3. Goed. Inf. 1. tab. 12. Sepp. Inf. 4. 37. tab. 8. Scheff. Icon. tab. 67. fig. 10; 11. Wilk, pap. 27. tab. 3. b. 2. B The

i0 PLATE CXLVIII.

The Caterpillars of this Infe&t feed on grafs, they are found i in May, and the Moth appears about the middle of June,

The female differs in feveral Re from the male; it is of a buff colour, and is generally, though not always, larger. The chry. falis is black, and is enclofed in a ftrong yellowifh cafe, as fhewn in the plate.

PLATE

.) 6

es

i}

= ma

oad

*

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oe “é ~

su

et Pal

103

F { 8344

Retda ATs defy GALL

PHALENA QUERCUS.

Larce Eccer Morn. LEPIDOPTERA. GENERIC CHARACTER.

Antenne taper from the bafe. Wings, in general, contracted, when at reft. Fly by night.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Antenne of the Male feathered. Wings dark brown, with a bright yellow bar acrofs each, and a ftrong white fpot on the center - of each fuperior wing.—Female marked like the Male, but of apaler

colour.

PHALANA Quercus. Linn. Syft. Nat. 2. 814. o5.—Fn. Sv. 1106. ’

PHAL#NA maxima fulvya, alarum exteriorum {uperioritate in- tenfius colorata, cum macula in media alba, inferiore

dilutiore. Raj. Inf. 142. 2

Merian. Europ. 1. tab. 10.

Harris. Aurel. pl. 29. a. b. 0. dee. fr Albin, Inf. tab. 18. fig. 25:

Reaum. Inf. 1. tab. 35-

Ammiral. Inf. tab. 31.

Roef. Inf. 1. phal. 2. tab. 35+

Petiv. Gazoph. tab. 45. fig. 5-

Goed. Inf. 1. 51. tab. 7

O The

84 PLA‘TS Cit.

The Caterpillars of this Moth feed on the White and Black Thorn, together with feveral herbaceous plants ; it has been obferved to thrive better in the breeding cage when regularly fupplied with frefh grafs, to keep the former in a proper ftate of moifture.

The Female depofits her eggs in June or July, the Caterpillars are hatched in Autumn, and remain in that ftate during the Winter; about the middle cf May it {pins a large brown cafe, within which it

paffes to the Pupa ftate; the Moths appear in June.

In the Caterpillar ftate it is fearcely poffible to diftinguifh the Male from the Female, except that the former is fmaller than the latter; but in the laft ftate their colours are entirely different, the Female being of a pale yellowifh teint, inclining to fox colour, the Male is of a rich brown.

The Eggs are very curious, they refemble in fhape thofe of a Hen, but are neatly mottled with dark brown.

The Caterpillars caft their fkins feveral times, and always thereby aflume a new appearance, though the gencral colours and charater of the {pecies may be traced through every ftage. Our figure is copied from a very large and fine coloured fpecimen of the F emale, that was met with at Darent-Wood, Dartford.

Explanation of the Figure fhewn in Plate 103. The Eggs of the natural Size.

The Cafe which enclofes the Pupa; the former is torn open to expofe the latter within.

PLATE

Ase

+

hae Sia

ot nd af i ave - y* ofa - oe in ae oS % 45 ® S ‘ i, e - - Po hi mr

"i Pa. ¥ , av

a, ae a re id - Av m p A \ ne Z na) ome © . » w

104

(oe 7 ‘

peda de eee OLY,

PHALENA QUERCUS.

TN ees

WINGED STAT E.

EEG, i. The Male.

FIG. i. «The Female,

O 2

PLATE

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ean ge CMA? AT. 2 @€2-O 2k ae

a . am oe at

ee oy . # . >

i BG

oS

ae . ee Die Aen Seria oe my Pre naltineee a a ra eae

——

{89

PLATE LXLX.

Pe ah 2 NASR UB

Fox-coLtourep Morn. LEPIDOPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER,

Antenne taper from the bafe. Wings in general contracted when atreft. Fly by night.

No Trunk. Firft Wings horizontal. Second ere¢t.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Antennz feathered. Wings entire, with a whitifh margin; twe whitifh tranfverfe waves on the firit pair. Syft. Ent. 565. 36. Linn, Syft. Nat. 2. 813. 21.—Fn, Su. 1103. Wilk. Pap. 25. Tab. 3. Ge 19° Ammiral. Inf. 32. — Roes. Inf. 3. Tab. 49.

a ea

The females of this fpecies are very rarely met with, as they con- ceal themfelves among the grafs; but the males are commonly taken when flying, and generally indicate that the females are near.

_ The Caterpillars will feed on the willow, but prefer the leaves of the bramble. ;

In.

88 Pt kh Fr J LXIX.

In this ftate they are found about the latter end of June, July, or Auguft; and remain fo during the Winter. In April they change to the Pupa form, and in May they appear in the Fly ftate.

The Moth has little to recommend it to notice; and the Pupa, like moft others, is of a dull uniform black brown; it is therefore undey the form of a caterpillar that it appears to moft advantage.

1

ae

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4 ra :

a - oe A a.

re.

cueer es

ad 7

= ear

Peek Bee it,

PHALANA CRATAGL

Oak EcGcER MoTuh..

LEPIDOPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Antenne taper from the bafe. Wings, in general contracted when at reft. Fly by night.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Wings rounded. Afh-colour, or dull brown, with obf{cure waves of a darker colour.

PHALANA CRAT&GI. Linn. Syft. Nat. 2. 823. 48. Reaum. Inf. 1. tab. 44. fig. 10. Degeer Inf. 1. tab. 11. fig. 20. 21.,

We have never found this Infe&t common, though it muft not be confidered as a rare fpecies; it is feldom met with near London: our {pecimen was found in the Caterpillar {tate at Dartford in May. It changed to Chryfalis in June. The fly came forth in September.

The male is rather fmaller than the female generally, though not The ftrength of their colours is very inconftant, efpecially in which we have feen very dark in fome fpecimens ; in others the general diftinction however between

always. the female, nearly as pale as the male ; the two fexes is, the male being of a light grey with fpots and waves of brown, the female of an obfcure brown with fpots more diffufed.

PLATE

mba WR EAno leider at y

a 2 2 F "i . \ af oe ry + 4 \ ‘ : 7 F =i avi - e « 7 7 ‘ es! ty! 7 4 ; . ™ + y 7 “orn ees | i? he ¥ "i ee # ‘ i a = a “ow , ’ iy ys { ‘ “or . ee le — . sgarAe A D4 : = 5 ' : : hots : a | ae ae a bo Es , . ~ a ss Wi a UMN ra ag Elli gg a ; ) cl ag Tat ’ ' ia ae i © 1 “i BRO? 4 : sah Os s] Ke E] - he oe . ‘. “= <i) . ae . + & \ i j 3 = x - <3 \ b ™ 5 Daag ’ A i

yt J : j ip

Wy

Uf

I

Caer al

© ae A Pe ay

PH ALN A © US TRF oe

Lackey Morn.

LEPIDOPTERA»

“GENERIC CHARACTER,

Antenne taper from the bafe. 3 Wings, in general, contracted when at reft. Fly by night, |

SPERECTFIC CHARACT EX,

Antenne feathered. Head, Thorax, Body, and Wings light browns a dark broad wave acrofs the middle of the upper Wings.

P. Neuftria. B. alis reverfis grifeis, ftrigis duabus ferrugineis, fubtus unica. Sy/t, Ent. 567. 42.—Linn. Sy/t, Nat.'2. 818. 35.

Phalena pe@tinicornis elinguis, alis deflexis pallidis, fafcia alarum tran{verfali faturatiore. Geoff, Inf: 2. 114. 16.

Phalena media tota cinerea. Raj. Inf. 214. 8. Reaum. Inf.2.'Tab. 4. Fig. 1.—-1%q Goed. Inf. 1.57. Lab. 10. Harris's Aurel pi. 37. Wilk, Pap. 31. Téb. 3, 210. Alb. Inf. 19. Fig. 27. Frifch. Inf. ¥. Tab. 2. Roef. Inf. 1. Phal. 2. Tab. 6. Fab. Spee. Inf. 2, 180. 58.

‘ a The ,

ba 62 PLATE: XCV. |

The Caterpillar of the Ph. Neuftria are found in, June, either on the white-thorn, black-thorn, or briar ; fometimes on fruit trees : they

pafs to the Chryfalis ftate in July, and the Moths appear in Augutt,

The female depofits her eggs with fuch particular care and regu. larity, that a clufter of them forms one of the moft pleafing objects for microfcopical inveftigation ; they are cruftaceous, of a light grey or. bluifli colour, elegantly marked at the broadeft end; they are: difpofed, with the greateft fymmetry around the fmall branches of the thorn, and are fo cemented together that they cannot readily be feparated.— The

appearance of a clufter is reprefented in, our plate.

The eggs are laid in autumn, though they are not hatched till the enfuing {pring. When the young Caterpillars bur{t forth, they form into focieties, fometimes of thirty or forty individuals, fometimes of a much greater number ; they immediately commence the formation of a {fpacious web, and if the weather be fine in two or three days, their work is completed ; as however they encreafe in bulk, it is neceflary to enlarge their dwelling, and this they manage either by adding new external coverings, or encreafing and extending the windings within: They feldom pafs to the Pupa form in thofe nefts, but feparate in fearch of amore convenient place for that purpofe when they have attained their full fize.

‘The Caterpillar, when preparing for its next ftate, weaves a large filky cafe ; within which it forms another fomewhat f{maller; and thus enveloped by its double cone, it chanzes to the Pupa form. The Pupa is black, and may be juft difcerned through the two cafes, as res

prefented in our plate.

The figure of the perfec Inf2& is copied from a female {pecimen ; the male is rather darker, and has the Antenne more feathered.

PLATE

rao: plage yt wi!

an a ie ae >

= VE . = 4 i i y ‘ ee sf ‘ ‘ ae

*

j + zi ri

ws = as te ; P : oat Sie » i r ¢ ‘ tice ie d i ‘ wt . H 1 Sy eee ‘ a, J Hs . : ay ae \ ‘ rl i oe ‘ f S % i a A 5 fz. 0 7 re yaa Bees ty 3 i ti u % - Pisr: . = fi od if rae a ti Fs '

wie

ce

Sh coe ye el

ees

10

7a

Ph oAtR Bs GY:

PHALANA LANESTRIS. Littce Eccer Morn.

LEPIDOPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Antenne taper from the bafe: wings in general defle@ed when atreft, Fly by night.

BomByx.

Antennz of the male pe€tinated, of the female fetaceous.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND

SYNONYMS.

Wings ferruginous: firft pair with a white flripe: a fpot of the fame near the bafe, aad another in the middle.

PHALANA LANESTRIS: alis reverfis ferrugineis: ftriga alba, anticis punéto bafique albiso—Linn. Sy/t. Nat. 2. 815. 28.— Fn. Sv. 1105. Fab. Ent. Syft. 3. p. 1. 429. 68, Wien. Verz: 57. 2. Roef. Inf. 1. phal. 2. tab. 62.

The Caterpillars of the little Egger Moth, feed on black and white thorn, willow, lime-tree, &c. The female depofits a large

clufter of eggs in a tuft of hair colleéted from her body. When thefe

74 PLAT Bvcea.

thefe are hatched, the young begin to {pin a ftrong w they enlarge as their fociety increafes ; they remain together till they have devoured all the leaves of the plant on which they are hatched, or till they are arrived at full fize to change into the chryfalis flate.

hite web, which

Thefe Caterpillars are not very uncommon in fome parts of the country, efpecially in Kent. They are ready to change to chryfalis flate late in June. The Moth is not produced till April following.

The trivial Englifh name, Egger Moth, is given to this, and two or three other Moths, from the fimilitude of the cafe in which the

chryfalis is inclofed to the fhape of an egg.

PLATE

/

9

Pe

°/

{ 41 j

PLATE CCCVII.

PHALZENA POPULI.

DECEMBER MorTH.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Antennz taper from the bafe. Wings in general deflexed when at reft. Fly by night.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND

SYNONYMS.

Brown: an irregular pale ftreak acrofs the anterior pair, and a {maller one near the bafe. A fingle pale ftreak acrofs the pofterior pair.

PHALZNA Poputt: fufca antice pallida, alis reverfis fufcefcen- tibus : ftriga fefquialtera repanda albida. Linn. Sy/t. Nat. 2. 818. 34.—Fn. Sv. 1101. —Fab. Ent. Syft.T. 3. p. 2» p. 429. fp. 70. Wien. Verz. 58.9. Reef. Inf. i. phal. 2. tab. 60.

We feldom meet with this interefting fpecies, for it is found both in the larva and perfe&t ftate in the feafon, when few collectors are difpofed to feek for it. It feeds on the white-thorn, becomes a pupa in November, and the Moth appears in December as its trivial Englith name implies.

PEA ee

< th he

¥s

ee ; i on . . RETRO

7 See ey = ape a mea ee Re em a vc

eat. Fi pubs 9h ro <a “i G Jp . a rig y * : ’ 4 - » e i _ * a i 4 « “ Ge 5 + ia =. | i 2 * “ , a 4 i : : on i " r ; ; 4 ; —¥ . 7 : . ee : - ps mh ad i ‘ FS : ‘ 7 f , ' a

a

ae 7 es ne

=

a =

[ 53 ]

PLA T E ‘GLVIIL.

PHALZNA- “LER SICOLOR A.

Guiory or Kent Morn.

LEPIDOPTERA. GENERIC CHARACTER.

Antenne taper from the bafe, Wings in general deflexed when at reft. Fly by night.

Bombyx.

SREGIEIC CHARACTER. AND SY NONY MS.

Antennz feathered. Male, firft wings red brown, with tranfverfe waves, black and white lines, and three white {pots at the extreme angle. Second wings orange. Female larger, and colours paler

throughout. PHALANA VERSICOLORA: Lin. Syft. Nat. 2. 817.

LP EF . BomMByx

54 PLATE CLVIIL

Bomsyx VeERSIcOLoRA: alis reverfis grifeis nigro-albis thorace antice albo. Fad. Sy/t. Ent. 565. 34.—Spec. Inf. 2. n. 50. p. 178.—Mant. Inf. T. 2. n. 58. p. 118.

Phalena alis lineis albis et nigris undatis. Gadd. Satag. 82: Roef. Inf. 3. tab. 39. fig. 3. Sulzer Hift. Inf: tab. 21. fig. 4. Fuefl. Magaz. 2 tab. 1. fig. 4.

Der Buntfhigel. Der Hagebuchenfpinner. Das Mannchen. La Verficolore. (Male. ) Das Weibchen. . ( Female.) Panz. Faun. Inf. German.

This extremely rare Infe& is always confidered as a Britifh f{pecies, and is ufually found in the cabinet of the Englifh entomologift; yet — thofe are German Infeéts generally, for we know only of one {peci- men which is clearly afcertained to have been found in this country. The fpecimen alluded to is in the colleétion of Mr. Francillon, jeweller, in Newcaftle-f{treet, in the Strand: it is a female, and was found by that gentleman’s brother in his garden at Carhalton.

Whether Harris ever met with this Infe&t we cannot pretend to determine ; he fays it appears in the winged ftate in April*. We cannot hefitate to fuppofe, that this Moth has been found in England

feveral times, particularly in Aen’; but none of thefe remain at this period in the colleftions of the curious.

The Male differs much from the Female: it is rather f{maller, with the colours and markings uniformly darker, and has the pofterior wings orange inflead of greyith as in the female; both fexes are

fhewn in the annexed plate. Fig. I. Male. Fig. I. Female.

* Vide Aurclian’s Companion.

Fuefly,

fs re

rial ae i os ponies ikon mie pen one Ae Calle oka 7 Pi hearin v7 fue Hibs wile = or |

oe cuneamined

ry a = tos a ul al: ; ig ble ; ae ‘ Mids - , : 2 ia 2 ht a

i ; .

Le a 2 Xu ‘

rae’ ;

| io.

3 sp E 4. © St ane - 2. ale j ae at - > - A ey igi

¥

qe

PLATE CLVIIL 55

Fuefly, in a German publication, has given the only figure we are acquainted with of the Caterpillar of this Moth; and Fadricius has copied his defcription from the coloured engraving. It is green,

with oblique lines of yellowifh brown, and large {pots of golden yellow:

ol ° an i mn) Cay “ + : F i x é _ Ono +. : i Rat Ae =} a “ys e 4 7” e

_ 9 a es mn * < kee J : een, nee LA. q ct » iy «

oY. 5 eer,” ate ce ee

ee

FY ¥) AM

ef: a y a ai

nN,

shen

‘ , is = i f : | | | : A | i | | ? ( 2 | j ay , ¢ | | 1 | r i } | : : |

3224

SHH

=~.

Hh

\\\

P: Tj Aw By COCK XVIII.

Pi AU ZEN A PA GT.

LossTerR Morn.

LEPIDOPTERA.

CEN ERIC "GHA RACTER.

Antenne taper from the bafe: wings in general deflected when atreft. Fly by night.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND

SYNONYMS.

Wings reverfed, reddifh afh colour, with two incurvated yellowifh

Nines acrofs the firft pair.

PwaLa&na Fact? alis reverfis rufo cinereis: fafciis duabus lineari- bus luteis flexuofis. Linn. Sy/t. Nat. 2. 816. 30. =, Sv. 113. arab. Eat. Syl. 7. 3. pe 1. p. 422. fp. 51. Albin. Inf. tab. 58. Wien. Verz. 63. 2. Roef. Inf. 3. tab. 12. AG, bolm. 1749. 132. tab. 4, fig. 10. 14.

The trivial name of Lobfter Moth, which this fpecies has acquired from the fingular form of its larva, cannot be unfamiliar to the Englifh Aurelian, though the Moth itfelf is in the poffeffion of few. The larva

was

12 “PEATE *CCUXAWVE:

was figured and defcribed by Albin, and colle€&tors about the middle of the laft century occafionally met with it in the woods near Lon- don, which have been fince deftroyed. At that time it was however fcarce, and being difficult to rear, the Moth has always been deemed one of the moft valuable Britith {pecies of the Lepidoptera tribe.

An old colle&tor at Hoxton once informed us, that the larva of this InfeG was called the BrEECuES Caterpillar about fifty years ago; that it was in great requeft by moft colleétors of his time, and that he deemed himfelf fortunate in finding two fpecimens of it in the courfe of his life, though he had not reared either. Thofe were taken on fome Chefnut trees which grew at that time in St. George’s fields. The late Mr. Bentley found it once on the Beech, and Mr. Francillon has a fpecimen of it in his cabinet, which he met with himfelf. Our figures are copied from Mr. Francillon’s fpecimen, and the drawings Roefel has given of it in his Hiftory of the Infects

of Germany.

PLATE

* tie +3

uf oo a a a

Peers Ps ae eres le Bayne Coe ivaadt hath Nite oie

ee eae ibe sia ik ae DISS ak Ils coy Sede | cn a alin fase WS air (oy me ee Hp Secor! cme Se ek atertns! ievned boon ek 2d 4 | 7 ai rl ae

fa Sal 4 Pi hae © 7 a :

8 ee he J

) > Khe : a ees ee

Pol Ae PE CCCh Ix,

PHALENA TRITOPHUS.

ASPEN PROMINENT Moru.

GENERIC CHARACTER:

Antenne taper from the bafe : wings in general deflefted whem at reft. Fly by Night.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Wings deflected, with aprominent tuft or tooth on the pofterior margin; colour brown, clouded, with a ferruginous lunar mark furrounded by a white ring in the middle.

PHALANA TRIToPHUS: alis deflexis dorfo dentatis fufco nebu- f lofis : lunula media ferruginea alba cinéta. Fad,

Ent. Syft. T. 2. p. 1. pe 448. /p- 108.

The larva of this fine Infe€t is green, with a brown head, obtufe tail, and three elevations or gibbofities on the back. It feeds on the Populo tremulo, from whence we have deduced its Englifh name of Afpen Prominent Moth.

Phalzena tritophus is extremely fcarce in this country.

PLATE

¢

eeuie ' bs ofa fersiag mt ll shad ah uit ons posal at

i Wogtaal Oe)

ATER -

pe aiuuist ‘a duw bebyol> arabe maui naan ust '« cinw. ,bebyoly yraegeb moles | niga

ut dimen “dtob aivalleh. ele : wana i raK ‘nla adia.s ootguvial achact ‘slicrral vatel —

dent awed diiw ogy a: oa, ak awit side lanl so

oor 204 at hoowhob wed y ” somal v 2et ~<a rs a

Wives cult wl somal qisemmin's) xailegnein sues S : ' ca ae

arse

ual! ae ‘ |

+: 070M, nprano 9 wa an : ee a , aie ga 3haR HD NASMED Bey

‘3 a ree By

K ayo i 4g maw As akaY) a2 ate . 717 mK ¢ ms ae OED rul rsetiornene ‘ide be Bbalta esi aa i Shine aa. pa vide s te behaworaad

wane ay be ee ei +H pa ok gh a, z: a: i.

aa 7) we 4 bal opty enrloddtig te somimnvals sends £ hag: oe

ee inl site ain

119

[ 29 J

PLA Tae: -CXIX «:

PHALANA ZICZAC. PesBLeE ProMIneNT Morn.

LEPIDOPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Antennz taper from the bafe, Wings in general contracted when at reft. Fly by night. ?

SPECIFIC CHARACTER,

AND SYNONYMS,

Brown and white clouded like an Agate; a large clouded Eye, next to the exterior margin of the firft Wings; on the interior margin a tuft, or appendage. Antennz feathered.

Puarana Ziczac. B. Alis deflexis dorfo dentatis apicibufque macula grifea fubocellari, antennis fquamatis. Syft. Ent. 573. 35+ Linn. Syft. Nat, 2.827. 61.—Fn. Sv. 1116. Geoff. Inf. 2. 124-29. ~ Merian. Europ. tab. 147+ Lae Frifch. Inf. 3. tab. 1. figs 2 Degeer Inf. 1. tab. 6. fig. 1. 10. Reaum. Inf. 2. tab. 22. fig. 9—16. Fab. Spec. Inf. 2. p- 186. 76.

———$———

This fingular and beautiful Caterpillar is found on the Willow, early in Fune 5 it becomes a Pupa within a fine, brownith web, en it {pins between two or three leaves, (as reprefented 11 out Plate, ) late in the fame month; the Moth comes forth in Augu/t.

Bo The

30 | LA Tere.

The trivia: name prominent has been given to this Infect, becaufe when the Moth is at reft the remarkable appendages on the interior margin of the upper Wings form a prominent tuft above the back; we have fix different {pecies of Phalena in this country which have the fame charaéter, and are known among Collectors by the feveral names, Pale, Maple, Swallow, Iron, Pebble, and Cockfcomb, Pros munents 5 the laft is common, the reft are generally very rare.

PLATE

RP) CR art eS. at en, 4 rx “ Aan ie '

.> # * .

7 7 ¥ i. - - ‘ 7 = w . ‘ ‘ oe if > 7 i res

tt? ac

Lene vl

Poi A oe OLX XXIII.

PHALANA CAMELINA, Dark PROMINENT Moru.

LEPIDOPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Antennz taper from the bafe: wings in general defleéted when atreft, Fly by night.

~

Bombyx.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND

SYNONYMS.,

Anterior wings brown, with two oblique waves acrofs: two tufts on the back, formed by teeth on the wings.

PHALENA CAMELINA: alis deflexis denticulatis brunneis: omnibus denticulo dorfali, Zann. Sy. Nat. 2. 932. 80.—Fn. Sv. 1145. Fab. Ent. Syft. 3. p. 459. 133. Wien. Verz. 63, 3. Roef. Inf. \. phal. 2. tab. 28.

The Caterpillar of this Moth is found in Auguft, on the leaves of the Oak, Willow, Lime, &e. The Moth comes forth late in May,

or early in June.

G Peat ©

ae oo re | oe Gees EOS) ee had

‘aha / . ee

soe P ie iE SAG eee " a’ wiles & by Tri eee ‘tenet _ / / : i ae fiat i" ; ny . AAT SE RA She er m bakes» iD ni eri aS 40d to i o x are he

’ . eat a . oe . F / a) oo ) F 7 404.0: te > is he ri ; . 19 ie tf Sx" Br wi 5 i nid fa tw OF 7) wee, he eit) a | ‘Shi ted a ee oe , BP pee: _ 4 m f . 7 & yy 7, sha oni ey 2 (* . : y & P ‘ 7 —— ‘au remy a) 4 eed eas . ad jn le ot Mie to : : na ‘ : pate OI: 6 yar 7 % 7 i \ BS ach had x cx a be se $e} ai 1 d 2 ; 4 . } 1 T ‘ t : Tie te pale Sea acy Re oe La vides 9 d nei ; i fhe | at a a ‘ xe i ‘’ 7 ae ma oh 4 eo ¢ ‘if » =2 Sr ae ie Tie a at * ee eG om. sea ets 5 1 p : a ‘ oe ; : Salle ita tiie a se jada! ang ; ‘ + 4 : cn f y oo oN, ‘ a ‘ - 7 “« § “ pes sel ee A enagi ipa adie tre Lia ee eee ov or oe at ae ' - ae - x : 1 7 . ree wi ‘Ts \ a : , . ae 4 , Cs ; 4

r

met ree “i re : oe

oa = 7 . s

uG Y, f “i i ¥ Saw Mad!

[ 63 ]

PLA TRO OCKXXIX,

FPG. E PHALANA TREPIDA? SWALLOW PROMINENT Morg,

LEPIDOPTERA,

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Antenne taper from the bafe; wings in general defleéted when atreft, Fly by night,

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS.

Wings defle€ted with a fingle tooth on the back: anterior wings pale in the middle, brown next the margin, and ftreaked: a {pot in the centre of the wing.

Bomsyx TrepipA: alis deflexis dorfo unidentatis: punéto medio ocellari ftrigaque poftica maculari fufcis. Fad. Ent. Syft. 3. p. 1, 449. 130?

Bombyx tremula. Wien. Verz. 49. 4.

The Swallow Prominent Moth is {carce, the larva is fuppofed to live under the bark of Willows, but it is more certain that the Moth is feldom found, except among thofe trees. In the day-time it has been feen againft the trunk of trees, in the manner reprefented in

the Plate.

We quote the authority of Fabricius with difidence; his charaéter is ambiguous ; and cannot be pofitively defined by the very general _ defcription he bas added to it.

2 PLATE CCXXXIX.

FI Go| TE PHALZNA COMPRESSA

LEPIDOPTERA.

BOMBYX.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS.

Wings compreffed, white, in the middle grey, with alarge common brown mark, and white lunule.

BoMBYX COMPRESSA: alis compreffo adfcendentibus niveis : ma. cula communi fufca, centrali grifea: lunula alba, Fab. Ent, Syft. 3. p» 2. 455. 149,

Phalena fpinula. Wien. Verz. 64. 6, Panz. Faun. Germ. 1. tab. 6.

- Not very uncommon in the month of June; it is called the Goofe~ egg Moth.

PLATE

: v ~ nd ny , 2 ; hy

io “coe a a ute Lalas le eee

uy ” a Rai en, aa Se a nT s y 7 7 alas td Nie pf ¥ cd «| ( 2 oS A sa = "7 a ha ‘yi a : aos be ‘ e a i" 7 hg @ > a ® ef , ek 1 eee aby ania yis : ; “a ne Y apy “Os. : a j = i or : —- : 1 ny, a af ri 7 : i ~ Br) f ? a ae an 13 a : me a 3 ise oe _ F a + Tita! : i ee —_ * : C ee ps cats > e% 2

67 Aah Wie la ke’ ital i GA ae FG oT

PHALHNA DROMEDARTUS.

Tron Prominent Morn. GENERIC CHARMCTE R. Antennz taper from the bafe. Wings in general deflexed when. at reft. Fly by night. | r SE CIMIONCHARACT ER

AND

SYNONYMS.

Wings deflexed, clouded, a large tufted dentation at the poflerior margin: bafe yellowith.

PHatzna Dromeparivs: alis deflexis : anticis nebulofis dorfo dentatis: litura bafeos anique flavefcentibus. Linn. Syft. Nat. 2. 827. 62.——Fab. Ent. Syft, T. 3. p. Te p. Ada fps 103 Ammiral. Inf. tab. 14.

v . BeleG. i. PHALANA CHRYSOGLOSSA. + §PECIFIC CHARACTER AND NY rN ONYMS. Thorax crefted. Firft sine fomewhat falcated or hooked, greyifh, with three ftreaks, and two kidney-fhaped {pots in the

middle. Ga PHALINA

68 PLA™E® CCCL.

Paatzna Curysoctossa: fpirilinguis criftata, alis fuperioribus grifeis fubfalcatis ftrigis tribus albis primoribus abbreviatis. Linn. Tranf. Vol.2. 1. p. 6.

One of the rare fpecies of Phalanx, defcribed by the late Mr. Beckwith in the Linnzan tranfa@tions. The larva is remarkably flender, and of a green colour; it was found upon the fallow near Brent-Wood on the 18th of June, went into the earth about a week after, and the Moth was produced on the 24th of July.

BOG: Ill. Pras LANA RUBRIECOE LIs. RED-NECKED Moru.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER:

Blackith, collar crimfon: end of the abdomen yellow.

PHALANA RubRICOLLIs: atra, collari fanguineo, abdomine flavo.

Linn. a Gmel. T. 1. p. 4. p. 2446. Aes Schaff. Icon. t. 59. f. 8. g.

This fingular creature was found in Coombe Wood in the month of June. The larva is hairy, dark, {triped with black, and has a white triangular mark on the head.

It feeds on the pine, beech, &c.

PPLAT E

Pong at]

PLAT Be CeCK XX VEE.

fC. 1,

PITA bE WA CUCUL UA

Marie PrRoMiNENT MorTu.

GENERIC CH ARACT ER.

Antenne taper from the bafe: wings in general defle€ted when at reft. Fly by night.

See ClELC CU ARAL TE ie

Tongue fpiral: thorax crefled: wings defle€ted: margin denti- culated, yellow brown clouded with ferruginous and marked ob- liquely with feveral interrupted parallel and interwoven waved ftreaks. A broad white band next the exterior margin.

PHALENA CucuLLa: fpirilinguis, criftata alis deflexis denticu- latis ochraceis maculis ferrugineis, fafciaque marginali albida ftriis intertexta fufcis, Linm..

Syjft. Nat. 8h.

This f{pecies is uncommonly rare, and has not, we believe, been figured by any author, unlefs fig. 1. tab..71. of Efper is intended for the fame infeét.—It feeds on the maple.

podes

32 PLA TIE CCOXXXVIL.

£1G. i. PHALZANA RUBAGO.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Anterior wings yellow: bafe, coftal {pot, and oblique broad bar,

near the apex reddifh, fprinkled with points of ferruginous.

PuaLtena Ruspaco: alis anticis flavis: bafi macula coftali, fafcia lata obliqua punctifque ferrugineis.

<a ES

A new and undefcribed Britifh fpecies. Once found in the wood at Hornfey.

FIG. III.

PHALANA PAR.

KITTEN-LIKENESS MoTH.

SPECTHIC CHARACTER.

Anterior wings greyifh white, with a broad clouded bar acrofs the middle: poferior wings darkeft near the exterior margin.

PHALANA Par: alis anticis grifeo-albidis: fafcia lata nebulofa, pofticis extus fufcentibus, Jarfh. M/s.

ES

Sometimes found fticking againft walls and trunks of trees, and is certainly an hitherto undefcribed f{pecies.

ELA eE

ae

;

os a0 sah : a as Pere tire, eet ee Gekign 1 oe

a « re #7 Plea? fiw bitdx: F —e - 7 ee & of : 7 ae ea “is - a Eien. oO érvcaa4 tiles : Path re NE vug tits " m ‘ BOE rer iH Wyte « c % ; P i &% i oe! J el lat

*" : ee ; 5 =a é - ad r ar pA ep 7.3 Sas a ; a ? Rae |

. .. r * eo. ~.2¢ Pe ee A iP ie 2 ge AG terre ane Be |

THE

NATURAL HISTORY

OF

BRITISH INSECTS

PLATE CCCXCVII.

FIG. I.

PHALANA ZEBU. ZEBU, PROMINENT.

LEPIDOPTERA. GENERIC CHARACTER.

Antenne gradually tapermg from the bafe to the tip neral deflected, when at reft. Fly by night.

: wings in ge-

BOMBYX.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND

SYNONYMS.

Bombyx Zebu. Wings deflected: back fingle toothed: thorax

rufwus: anterior wings pale rufous and fulvous

varied, with two obsolete denticulate yellowith bands.

¥OL. XII. B Lr CHAaMEav.

2 PLATE CCCXCVII. :

Le Cuameav. Chenille du’ Tremble, var. e. fi Ernji. Rig. 267.

Bomsyx Dromenarutus. Simall. iron promment. Haworth, Lep. Brit. p- 101. n, 29.

Our Zebu Prominent, or, as the Aurelians call it, the fimall Tro “Prominent, is extremely fearce.. It was difcovered in the larva ftate _

upon the oak: in the month of September it went mto the ground and became a pupa; the moth appeared in June following.

This infect differs from the Fabrician Bombyx Dromedarius, or what is termed with us the fren Prominent in feveral refpects, though . at the firft view it feems to bear a very ftrong refemblance to that fpecies. We object to the trivial Englifh name of fmall Iron Pro- minent, becaufe it is only applicable, in a partial degree, to the infect. Our Zebu Prominent is certainly fmaller than the infeé&t known in this country by the name of Iron Prominent, but this is not in- variably the cafe. We have feen the male of the Iron Prominent of a fize nearly, if not entirely, as diminutive as our fpecimens of the Zebu Prominent; and if we may rely on the accuracy of the figures of the atter in the works of Ernft, the Bombyx Dromedarius is not an infett of much fuperior magnitude. We may truly infer from the figures above mentioned, that the diminutive fize of our Zebu is no crite-

«

rion of the fpecies, a

A decided difference in pot of colour, and in fome other parti- culars, prevails between the two infeéts. In Bombyx Dromedariug the colour of the fuperior wings is fuscous moft delicately fpeckled, as it appears on clofe infpection, with grey; the fpots of a deep rustr-iron colour, and the denticulated bands acrofs the wings whitifh,

diftinét

PLATE CCCXCVIE a"

diftinG, and well relieved with fufcous, and ferrugitous. In our in- fect the general colour is pale rufous flightly tmyed with fufcous in the area of the wing, and varied towards the circumference with deep fulvous: the denticulated bands acrofs are difpofed in a Gmilar man- ner to thofe on the wings of Bombyx Dromedarius, but are of a yel- Jowith inftead of whitith colour, and nearly obfolete. So far as our own obfervation extends there isa difference alfo in the pofterior wings: in our Bombyx Zebu thofe wings are of a very pale fufcous with only a fingle fainter band; in Bombyx Dromedarius the wings are paler ftill; it has likewife a fimilar band, but which is rather more denticulated, and being bounded both above and below with a duiky band, the wings appear of a lighter colour next the potterior margin, and in the difk of the wing; the latter part has alfo a fingle fhort transverse dafh of a dufky colour. <A further difference is ob- fervable in the lower furface: the general tint in our L. Zebu 1s pale ferruginous; in B. Dromedarius greyifh, with the lower pair whitihh, and in both, the bands confpicuous: the tip of the anterior pair in B. Zebu teftaceo-fufcous, in B. Dromedarius diftinttly grey; and the central fpot in the lower wings of the latter fufcous with a white fpeck im the center, but in B. Zebu plain teftaceous without any

central mark.

In the “ Lepidoptera Britannica,” Mr. Haworth defcribes our Bombyx Zebu as a fpecies perfettly new, under the name of Bombyx Dromedarulus. The fpecimens from which his defcription is taken were thofe in the cabinet of Mr. Drury, and which are now in our pofleffion. This infeét was probably new to the Aurelians of this country, but certainly not fo to the contimental entomologifts, and thofe fhould affuredly have beenconfulted previoully to its bemg defcribedasa nondefcript infect. In the works of Ernit which this ingenious writer has overlooked, will be found a figure both of the upper and lower fur- face of the infe& from a larger fpecimen than our own, and tolerably

-expreffive; and with a defcription of the infest equally fatisfactory. Tt appears from thence that the figures are copied by Emntt from a : HeGtion of M. Gerning, of Franktort, B 2 which

rol

female fpecimen in the noble co

«

| , 4, PLATE CCCXCVIL :

which contains befides the male of the fame infe&t. Ernft is evie dently in doubt whether to confider it as a variety of the Bombyx Dromedarius differing only from that infeét in the gradations of co- Jour, or as a diftin& fpecies; this he leaves for time and future re- fearches to determine. He obferves, however, and it is a ftrong ar- -gument in favour of its beg diftinét, that the males in M. Gerning’s colleétion, are of the fame colour a3 the female he reprefents, and_ the like circumftance is exemplified in our fpecimens *.

The variety fig. 1. of the B. Tritophus of Efper appears to be of the fame fpecies as our B. Zebu, but of this we cannot {peak with confidence. Sclmeider certainly notices it. Fabricius proba- bly confidered it as a variety of B. Dromedarius.

PUG ri.

PHALZAINA CASSINIA. TRILINEATED MOTH.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND

SYNONY MS,

Wings detletiea: erey with abbreviated feattered black lines : ies with a black line each fide, and im the middle,

—_ =

* « M. Gerning qui pofféde dans fa collection l’individu femelle dont nous donnons le portrait en deflus et en deflous, fig. 267. e, f, le croit une variété de cette efpéces maloré Ja différence que l'on y remarque dans les nuances. Cependant comme 1l a des males de la méme couleur, il n’ofe affurer que ce ne foit point une efpéce différente, Le temps feul et les referches peuvent nos en rendre certain.” Ernft.

BomByx

As isnt eames ic = —s fencer pe

ay ; a Cie af 7 ey i cs Ae =" lg AY a Piso . wes ; : . pee a etme ti om a ~ 4 ‘——a Fines _) oe ag " fy 2 ae sm ; a A 7 - .3 ‘s ; has S47 a Gee. spread? Aun oe Seay £354 aa aia : a ‘Aad a : ans ie ek Jy y : ap: bas an ; _ —* £4

e

en Rod » Bere ie . ‘ Bs es ; — : i” : fF ¥ aes nie , en oe i 7 Pa x Yad ke a) i Af : se a yy - Ol ced OTe bar & as a

PLATE CCCXCVIL. 5

BompByx Cassinta: alis deflexis grifeis : lineolis abbreviatis nicris

fparfis. Fubr. Ent. Syft. T. 3. p. 1. 460. 2. 164, B. Cassinius. Sprawier. Haw. Lep. Brit. p. 106. . 40?

Fabricius defcribes his Bombyx Caffinia as a native of Auftria from the cabinet of Schieffermyller. It is found on the Lime. If this be of the fame fpecies as the B. Caffinius above quoted, it is alfo found in the larva ftate on the oak, and appears in the winged ftate in Sep- tember.

This infect, confidered as a Britifh fpecies, is almoft equally as fcarce as the precedmg, Bombyx Zebu.

FIG. UI.

NOCTUA AURICULA. ,

GOLDEN EAR MOTH.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER

AND

SYNONYMS.

Noctua Auricuta. Anterior wings fub-ferruginous with a {mall fulvous fpot, and in the middle a larger ear-fhaped yellow fpot enclofing a lunar ring.

LEciarante. LErnji. Il. part. v. 6. n. 394.

This

6 PLATE CCCXCVI.

This infe&t has been erroneoufly confidered by Efper and others as — the Phalena niétitans of Linheus, an infect which it pretty much refembles, but from which it differs {pecitically. This circum*ftance js mentioned particularly by Ernft, who defcribes and figures both the Linnxan fpecies, and the infect miftaken for it. The fpecimens he delineates are in the cabinet of M. Gerning of Frankfort. Erntt — deferibes our infeét as a fcarce fpecies in Germany: in England we believe it is very rare ; the only /pecimen we poflefs is in the ca-

binet of Mr, Drury.

PLATE

He

Saat

PoLs Ae Bo HE © ty

PHALANA BUCEPHALA.

BuFF-TIP MOTH. LEPIDOPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Antenne taper from the bafe. Wings in general defle&ted when at reft. Fly by night.

SPECTEYC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS

Anterior wings cinereous, with two ferruginous ftreaks, and a large yellow {pot at the end.

PHALENZ BUCEPHALA: alis cinereis: ftrigis duabus ferrugineis maculaque terminali magna flava. Lin. Fn. Suec.

1115.

The delicate affemblage of beautiful down which clothe the upper wings of the Buff-tip Moth is its chief recommendation; the hiftory | affords

12 PoLIA ff EY It affords but little for obfervation, it is hatched from the egg in dygu/f,

and in June following the fly appears in the winged flate.

The Caterpillar is yellow varied with {pecks, and {pots of black, and orange, and is fomewhat hairy: it feeds on the oak and afh.

PL) A ee

: 7 wa 5 F ye r . PY MANE kins p0) rn! 48 os ff ee ut) i wel! Se eae PE Te | : ’ a f ¥ é Cpe: : fag 0 ot 7 aaty eb ALE; 7 ; 7 7 & # y 4

“ 7 7 7 « ; Wt ; i + : <_ , ‘, w mM 7 7 ie ME ee SL. et) Pia 2 « . _ ae. ‘aie ape oe isa | om.

<i A a -

| i, Stal ao wo! ‘ 825 Ai eee a . wee ae

- 4 . a a an Ae a + us ora aa fons iy ‘ af

ae 4 ee,

ee og a

Pen A Pm eI PHALHNA ANOSTOMOSIS. Scarce CHocoiaTe-tTir Motu.

LEPIDOPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Antennz taper from the bafe. Wings in general deflexed when at reft. Fly by night.

BOMBYX.

Antenne feathered.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Firft wings greyifh, with three tranverfe ftripes of dull white. Apex fine chocolate colour. Second wings and bedy pale brown. Puarana Anostomosis. B. alis deflexis grifeis, ftrigis tribus

albidis fubanaftomofantibus, tho- race ferruginato, Fab. Spec. Inf. 2» 189. 85-

Linn. Syft. Nat. 2. 824. 53-

Fn. Sv. 1124.

Goed. Inf. 1. tab. 33-

A very rare fpecies of Phalena. In the perfect ftate it is feldom met with; and in the Caterpillar ftate few Colleétors are acquainted with its haunts. It feeds on the fallow, willow, and poplar, and may be found fometimes by ftripping off the bark of thofe trees.

H Ous

| 44

PLATE CXXIV.

Our fpecimen was taken in the vicinity of Oak-of-Honor Hill, Surry. The Caterpillar was met with when it was ready to fpin its web, in which ftate it is reprefented; its {pinning was formed be- tween the folds of a leaf in the month of O&teber, the Moth came

forth in May.

The Moth in the upper part of the plate is a {mall fpecimen of the female ; it differs very little from the male, except that the an- tennz of the latter is much feathered, as is fhewn on the back of

the leaf.

The fpecies is more plentiful on the continent of Europe, and a variety of it is a native of fome parts of North America.

A Collector of Infeéts in London met with a brood of this fpecies laft September, in the Caterpillar ftate, containing more than twenty ; fome were covered with a milk-white down, others inclining to grey, but in general they were like the {pecimen given in our plate. They . changed their appearance frequently, and fome were much larger than the reft. “The Moths alfo differ very much both in fize and colour ; fome are dingy, others have the chocolate colour much dif- fufed ; and in general, when the Infect is perfect, it is beautifully

varied with a pale bloom of a purple hue.

PLATE

re ic U corte o pale a Po rt hn 7.

“in ae 7 ™

%

see Se Pre ee eg eaten ty: i. ete Bir

; ‘ps i to an 5 Thy Lxtiges. La eee ee ele at ea

ha aunt oct ao ef | cn asta 8

: ‘ 6g ea eee ; — - o -

: 7 ‘ ; - . ce - “ . 7 er! mS , i

, a

an *

% Ss) Saal

eae

Bee eB why es V

PHALAMNA VINULA.

Puss MoT u.

'd

LEPIDOPTERA.

s GENERIC CHARACTER,

Antenne taper from the bafe, Wings in general contracted when

atreft. Fly by night, SeEHLCTEITCG* CHARAGTE R.

Antenne feathered. Wings grey, ftreaked and waved with dull black; fomewhat diaphanous. Thorax and Abdomen grey {potted with black,

Linn. Syft. Nat. 2. 815. 29.—Fn. Sv. 112. Geoff. Inf. 2. 104. §- Raj. Inf. 153. 5. Geod. Inf. 1. Tab. 65.

2, dU a7. Merian, Europ. Tab. 39. Fig. 140. Albin. Inf. 11. Tab. 5. Sepp. Inf. 4. Tab. 5. Wilk. pap. Tab. 13. Fig. 1. ¢, 1c Reaum Inf. 2. Tab. 21. Frifch. Inf. 6. Tab. 8. Degeer. Inf. 1. Tab. 23. Fig, 12. Roef. Inf. t. phal. 2. Tab. 19. Fab. Spec. Inf. 2. 478. §2.

~The Pufs Moth appears in the winged ftate about the latter end of

May, or early in ‘June. G The

we

ture’s pleafure; when protruded they have a continual writhing or

34 PL A:T BE BRR:

The Caterpillar, from which it is produced, is of a very extraordi. nary form, and has rather the appearance of a formidable or venomou: | creature, than the larva of a Moth: it feeds on Willows and Poplars, and is generally found in great plenty where thofe trees grow, in the month of Fuly. The two tails, or crimfon filaments at the extremity of the body, are protruded or concealed within their bafe at the crea-

vibratory motion.

It paffes to the Pupa ftate in’ Augu/?.

PLATE

re

oo oe i

7

a _ la

: ca ; 2 4a : id ‘ a if ‘ i bce ' i i ‘ , t ht Aa we i i ) A Sart ees ar: ws - ’ ot & . “Sy ae s ir 1 : ; ; a { 7 7. 7 f ‘ i i ; eae fame ; : i fe u ‘ : ; : 7, 7 : / ; ie F . i 4 , We i ee, : ; ; ~ - ea, oa ; i a) S " i at iy et is 4 d i fhe ie s rs a | 2 I ” ep a i, . oe 7 ig Me A 4 ” ‘ ‘ v.. N és ; j ‘ ; = te x v # ri : : a Lo 7 : ; = 7 ve ‘ vs 3 i ; i % 2 « ae i te , i o ‘ : : Pai “~ i : : i 4 ; . “\ } us : j % A 7 i \ ; . 5 ive “ 1 i A ie . + yy, - ; 7 a a ; a foe * y , ; 4 \ a of i 5

P55. J

PLATE CCLXXIL

PHALANA FURECULA.

Kitten Morn.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Antennz taper from the bafe ; wings in general defle€ted when at ret. Fly by night.

Bomsy x.

SPECIBIC CHARACTER AND

SYNONYMS.

Thorax variegated: anterior wings grey, {prinkled with black: bafe and apex white, with black fpots : pofterior wings white, with a marginal row of black points.

-PHALEZNA FurcuLaA: thorace variegato, alis grifeis bafi apiceque albis nigro pun@atis. Linn. Sy/t. Nat. 2.823. 51.— Fn. Sv. 1122.—F ab, Ent. Syft. T. 3. p. 1.475. fp. 213. Panz. Faun. Inf. Germ. 4. tab, 20. Wilks pap. 18. tab. 1. fig. 1. Sepp. Inf. 4. 29. tab. 6.

GRE

Phalzna Furcula is a neat and interefting Britifh Infe&. Except in fize it is very fimilar to Phalena Vinula; and the Aurelians, from

this fimilarity, and a fanciful reference to the brindled appearance of

56 P-L AT Be COLXXIE

of the anterior wings have whimfically given it the name of kitten- moth, Phalaena Vinula is called the pufs-moth. Our prefent infed is rare, the other very common.

The larvais found on the willow in July. It remains in the pupa ftate the whole winter: the Moth comes forth in May.

PLATE

7 a =

ey Oe, IO

reer

a

= is | a a

Re a a ca!

Pe oe ove

On

[ae "9

PL ACT oxy.

P FLW tL AS, Nias Choa

Great Tycer Morn.

LEPIDOPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Antenne taper from the bafe: wings in general deflected when at reft, Fly by night.

oo

SPECIFIC CHARACTER

AND

SYNONYMS.

Wings fufcous, interfe&ted with rivulets of white: pofterior pair red with black fpots.

PuaLana Casa: alis fufcis: rivulis albis, pofteris purpureis nigro punétatis. Linn. Fn. Suec. 1. p. 820. 2.7. 1131. Fabr. Sp. Inf. 2. p. 198.0. 122. Gmel. T. 1. p, 5. 2410. fp. 38.

The fuperior wings in fome examples of this fpecies are marked with {pots of brown, much {maller in fize than thofe depicted in the prefent infe€&t: the fpots in others are alfo occafionally larger, and var y in being more or lefs confluent or united; the rivulet interfeGting

$ waves

36 PLA E.E 1XV.

waves of white or cream colour are more or lefs confpicuous in different fpecimens. The lower wings admit likewife of material variation in the number as well as magnitude of the black {pots ; in having more or lefs of the blue fubocellated {pace in the center; or in being encircled by a narrow yellow border, an appearance it fome-

times, though rather rarely, exhibits.

The Caterpillar is often found in gardens, and feeds on the lettuce, nettle, &c. When apprehenfive of danger it rolls itfelf up like a hedgehog. In May it becomes a pupa, and the latter end of June or early in July the Moth is produced.

PLATE

i iliesinc ame Mihai init oS Tonge ticid A ce g

si area _ Diasec ile Bip 9 7) ie my 1, Se } ; a | ay Bi be mani < bie heh a : 5 nt |

6 1 io J Las eS ¥ : a - ae Reg : ' on , 3 i é é or * o © -_ a , . < Fi ary r 7 ‘ ( ; - > 7 @ , :

eS ae

ae a Sk ip haa ne, Ge, #,

PHADENA VILLICA. CREAM-sPoT Tycer Morn. LEPIDOPTERA.

GENERIG CHARACTER.

Antenne taper from the bafe, Wings in general contracted when at reft. Fly by night.

* No Trunk. Wings depreffed, deflexed.. Back fmooth.

SPECIFIG CHARACTER.

Antennz, head, and thorax black, with a white {pot on each fide the latter. Firft wings black, with eight large cream-coloured fpots. Second wings and body orange, with black fpots.

Syft. Ent. 2. 581. 85.

Linn. Syft. Nat. 2. 820. 41. Geoff. Inf. 2. 106. I.

Harris. Aurel, Tab. 4.

Raj. Inf. 156. 4.

Alb. Inf. Tab. 21.

Frifch. Inf. 10. Tab. 2.

Reaum. Inf. 1. Tab. 31. Figs 4. Oe Rees. Inf.'4. Tab. 28. Fig. 2. Tah; 29. Fig. 1. 40 Wiik. Pap. Tab. 3. a 2

Chickweed is a favorite food with the Caterpillars of this Infe&, but it will eat the leaves of the currant, white-thorn, nettle, grafs,

&c. if the former cannot be readily procured,

4 The

94 Se Wie, as opie Bo 2

The Caterpillars are black and foxy, or hairy; but in a lefs degree than the Caterpillars of Ph. Caja, Great Tyger Moth, which we have

figured in the early part of this work.

About the latter end of April the Caterpillars have attained their full fize, and change into chryfaliss late in May they appear in the winged ftate. to

It is by no means fo frequent as the Great Tyger Moth, though not very rare; but it is infinitely {uperior for the happy combination of its colours to'it, or either of the Britifh fpecies of that tribe which

are trivially termed Tygers: it is already high in the efteem of col- Ie&tors; and were {pecimens of the kind ‘lefs common, it would be i in

great requeft among the Englifh Entomologifts.

Frequents banks which face the rifing fun.

PLATE.

ah Ee oF

at LY AE CERTV.

PHALANA RUSSULA. CLouvep Burr Morn,

LEPIDOPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Antenne taper from the bafe; wings in general deflected when at well. Fly by night.

= SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND

SY NOW Y M Si

Wings defle€ted; yellow; margin fanguineous with fufcous lunule:

antenne red.

PHaLZzNA Russuta: alis deflexis luteis: margine fanguineo lunulaque fufca, antennis fanguineis— Fab. Ent. Sy/t. I. 3. p. 1. 180.—Linn. Syft. Nat. 2.830. 71. | Scheff: Icon. tab. 83. fig. 4, 5. Clerk. Icon tab. 4. fig. 1. dia. Inf. 228. 75,

As the Phalane are not remarkable for a variety of gay colours, hike thofe of the Papilio genus, an exception to a general rule in the beautiful fpecies before us, more ftrongly demands our notice. The male Phalena Ruffula, which is known by the peétinated antenna, _ 1s of a fine golden yellow, with a rich, though narrow marginal band of fanguineous red round the wings. ‘The female is a pretty Infe&, but is more inclined to brown throughout than the male.

G 4 This

Se PT, ACT OCCA,

This fpecies has been fuppofed to feed on grafs in the larva ftate, but as colle€tors have very rarely reared it from that ftate, it has been difficult to determine its proper food. Fabricius mentions lettuce and {cabious or devil’s-bit. The larva is hairy, and in many refpeéts very much refembles that of the Garden Tiger Moth, from which we may perhaps infer that it is. what collectors ufually

term a general feeder. We found the larva in May; fhortly after it fpun a web a

paffed into the pupa flate, from which the moth was produced the 11th of June following.

PLATE

=e ces -

eh ee ie oe

PHALZANA AURTELU A. YELLOow Tai. Morn, LEPIDOPTERA.

CHEN ERIC CHARACTER.

Antenne taper from the bafe: wings in general deflcGed when at

reft, Fly by night.

Spel LOsCH AR ACTER AND SYNONYMS.

White ; extremity of the abdomen yellow.

BoMBYX AURIFLUA: alis albis: primoribus fubtus cofta fulca ano barbato luteo. Fudbr. Mant. Inf. 2. p. 125. nm. 145.

PHALANA (Bombyx) CurRysoRRHG@A. Linn. Syft. Nat.

POTTS ET gk os dal

Linnzus confounded the Yellow Tail Moth, with another kind known among collectors of Englifh Infe&ts by the name of the Brown Tail Moth ; an infeét which it may be recolle€ed appeared in fuch prodigious numbers in the year 1780, as ta fpread the utmoft confternation throughout the vicinity of the Metropolis ; the credulous

believing them to be the certain prelude of a fatnine :—The larve of E, this

26 Piette oe

this Jaff mentioned infe€t were colleGted during that period, at the expenfe of the refpettive parifhes where they appeared moft nu- merous, and were publicly burnt by order of the magiftrates—The Yellow Tail Moth is allied in fome degree to the Brown Tail Moth,

though evidently diftinét.

The Yellow Tail Moth is found in the month of July, feeding on the white-thorn, fallow, apple, and fome other fruit trees. About the latter end of the fame month, it fpins a web of tough texture again{t the branches of trees, in which it changes to the pupa flate, and the Fly comes forth in Auguft. |

PLATE

ey oe a 34 her hee

ae — > es ’ - a f 7 d ) ‘ q _- “ee oo in , - 7 nites 5

a4 a 2 | a - aes - ne 7 ; i *. & ; ‘a | Dias | 4) | a ee ¥3 pehiats _—?

[.6s5 3

Piast Bb XXX, PHA ANA SALI C1 Ss. Wuirte Satin Morn.

GENERIC CHARACTE R. Antenne tapering from the bafe: wings in general deflected when

at reft, Fly by night.

* Bombyx.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND

SYNONYMS. Wings white: legs black, with white rings.

PHALZENA SALICIS: alis albis, pedibus nigroalbo annulatis. Linn. Fn. Suec. 1. p, 822. 2. n. 1129.——It. Scan. 167. 307.—Scop. Ent. Carn. 495. Fabr. Sp. Inf. 2. p- 193. n.103.—Mant. Inf. 2. p. 126. Gel Linn. Syft. Nat. 2423. 46.

SRE BENET ES BETTIE!

Very numerous about London, and are often found in the ftate of larva, pupa, and moth at the fame time, as there are more than one, or perhaps even two broods in the year. Commonly the larva changes to the pupa form in June, and the Fly appears in July.

The fpecies feeds principally on the Willow, Offer, and Poplar.

PLATE

qv 4 g

my Sf dk " \ “ ys — "a tk “f aNoyi i aa. Patty i 2 Me ‘

wey \

(

BAS aE

S

Sn SESS

i .

at ‘ at | 3

“Ruiisg

(sian

as yt

it St

er | &

\ . i ba f ‘ te 3 +P Doan % i 5 ' ‘

cant

As oh

” i fhe,

ie

an ae Fe.

as aed hn a a i

ae 2 ss - Bi, 5 &

> “) n 2 ¥ ; fc 4 . ® A 4 ' af nN « ul > ‘ in aree P ~ 7 *s ye 7 me, ne » 7 ‘ -*’ "

: ; bees 7 a a a : x ¥ i ea k * ee mys 7 eae f are ee. a YT bat), a o ° ye 8 Pee Sd ; x : ue f , ; P ; a

388

rhe |

PLATE CCCLXXXVIIL.

BHAL NA. MEN DI.C-A,

SPOTTED MUSLIN MOTH. LEPIDOPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Antenne gradually tapering from the bafe to the tip: tongue fpiral 3 wings in general deflected when at reft. Fly by night.

* Bombya.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS,

Wings of the male brown and obfcure ; thofe of the female, white and pellucid, both dotted with black.

PHALZENA MENDICA: alis deflexis nigro punttatis, femoribus anticis luteis. Linn. Syjt. Nat. 2. 822. 47.—Gmel. Linn. Syjt. Nat. 2423. n. 47.

Puatmna munpica. Fabr, Ent, Syfi. 3. 452. n. 139. Mas | cinero fufcus, femina albida punétis aliquot nigris. Femora antica barba lutea, Abdomen concolor.

ibid. PHALENA MENDICA. Marfh, in Linn. Tranf. T. 1. p. 7% The

78 PLATE CCCLXXXVIIF.

The fpotted Muflin Moth is one of our rarett fpecies of es jn this country. The larva feeds fecurely from the sntriitlon of the Entomolegift in marfhes and watery places, fubfifting enninely on aquatic plants, and is therefore fcareely even me with, except in the winged ftate, which it aflumes in May. The diffimilarity Bemvees the two fexes of this fpecies is altogether fo very remarkable, that It is only from an-intimate acquaintance with the manners of the two infeéts in a ftate of nature, or the concurrent teftimony of many obfervers, that we could be induced to believe them both of the fame fpecies.

Fabricius, and Gmelin after him, fays, the larva is greenifh, hairy, with whirls of black dots, and yellowifh head. The figures in Efper, I’. 3. pl. 42, reprefent the larva of a cinereous colour, verticillated with black dots, and tufts of ferruginous hairs. Other writers {peak of the head and tail being red. Thofe different defcriptions may be eafily, how- ever, reconciled by prefuming thofe authors had each noticed the larvae at different periods of growth, or perhaps this diffimilarity may ferve to point out the difference between the two fexes, even in the larva {tate.

PLATE

a

ant .

ven ee Ganeices f - aah) a om vy r a : 17 i a ype 7 y ; aoe - oy ee a ae ae re eS ae ee a OT a fi” : ao ; : ry a vee Sn See Oe ae vy = 7 wares ee a Sas via wed = = eee f : ‘Soe 7 i oneany a aaa anna Oh bk. 2 . ew *. 5 e Lm - i ? _ a > U - ‘ Pr ‘ i : 7 eee ee nr, i ai: : 4, 7 7 a | : i" , ; _ - - ‘ _ 5 ° y i .

a en * noni a9 a . oy 7 ie : e , ot - : A : Pe ; a 7a : 4 ° : = 2 ) a m 1 - : ” = *, " Z ro 3 - , a , ox , ig : ae M a a rd) j 1 a i a be i : ¢ » 9 ae " : a 4 fi “ 7 x apie if a Ne

eg

bet i oy i ; 2 ee cay ee

=a)

[ 39 ]

PLATE, Div.

PHALZNA PHHORRHGA.

BROWN TAIL MOTH.

LEPIDOPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Antenne taper from the bafe: wings in general deflected when at reft, Fly by night.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER

AND

SYNONYMS.

White: rays of the antenne ferruginous: abdomen bearded and fufcous at the end.

Puavmena Curysorrua@a. var. Linn.? Brown-tait Motu. Curtis Hift. Brown-tail, A. D. 1782. Puatzena Pumorgna@a. Marh. Linn. Tranf. V. 1. p. 68.

In the defcription of the 10th plate of this work we had occafion to allude, m general terms, to an overfight committed by Linnaeus in confounding the Yellow and Brown tail Moths under the fame name

as

40 PLATE DLV.

reprefented in that plate is the Yellow-

asa fingle fpecies: the fubjeét lete the hiftory of thofe

tail, and the prefent feems requifite to comp two apparently ambiguous infects.

There is a diffimilarity, and that fo confiderable, between thofe two infeéts, though at the firft view they may appear analogous, that, after . due comparifon, it muft excite furprize to learn they could have been efteemed the fame by any competent Naturalift; yet they certainly were, and not by Linnzus only; nor do they feem, even at this mo- ment, to be very accurately defined as diftinét kinds by the generality of continental writers, fome confidering them as varieties, and others as the two fexes of an individual fpecies. Klemann is an exception among thofe writers; he admits them to be diftinét on the authority of Roefel, by whom both kinds were reared from the larve.

Befides thofe two moths, there is another more clofely allied to the Yellow-tail than the Brown-tail, which has excited fome mifunderftand- ing; this is the infect called by Englifh colleCtors the “ Spotted Yellow-_ tail,” as itdiffers from the former in having a large brown fhade along the coftal margm beneath, and on the upper furface one or more ob- feure dots. Fabricius, whofe opinion is countenanced by the autho- rity of Villars and Schaeffer, defcribes it as a diftin&t fpecies, under the name of Auriflua, and this opinion is repeated m the work of Gmelin: our Englith colleétors regard it, and not without probability. asa fexual difference of the common Yellow-tail: we are cect itis no other than the male of that fpecies;—the male of the Brown- tail Moth, we may further add, exhibits a fimilar appearance beneath.

The hiftory of the Brown-tail Moth is amply related in a little tract publifhed about thirty years ago by the late Mr. W. Curtis, auth of the Flora Londinenfis. ‘The occafion upon which that es ie written is flightly mentioned in our defcription of the “ Yell x ne and may now with propriety be repeated at greater len io a period of time elapfed fince the appearance of Mr. Curtis : bli : tion is not confiderable; yet, from the various viciffitudes = hich fuch a memorial of local events is neceflarily expofed, this ea ee

pamphlet

iar teseow

swipes

ri : ; ie . oer oo 2a) ee saath Abe oe - a : a = “ 7% > ‘ 7 - —, \ “e ra : f=. . * 4 a ai ee ; el _ ; ‘ i , é fag ij ne ‘ 4 be we R ide he : r > 5 j # - 7 A ¥y 2 , — ¥ n a » ‘ . * ~ ca ce - Ae a a . A : iat ~ 7 ra . 7 ti. > waie ve F 5 OS ro ere 460: eh ie Ui0ean, : ie pe 3 na . Wes | ‘ee os aps . é 3 ; ¥ . - if . , ‘ - = ‘ ral % ny :

s 3 7? oa the Pd ety, coe oss : @ — 7 ‘ i mat of ‘ bie | e <

PLAT E .DLY... 4)

pamphlet is now become fcarce: we fortunately poffefs it, and feeling perfuaded the information it conveys muft prove acceptable to the

‘reader, fhall not negleé to introduce the ee material paflages for their perufal.

It will be within the recolleétion of many, that im the year 1782 the inhabitants of London and its vicinity were thrown into the utmoft confternation by the appearance of a phenomenon far from ufual in the northern regions of the earth; a hoft of infetts, in numbers like the locufts of the deferts, were obferved at once to pervade the whole face of vegetation and defpoil the herbage in many places for miles of every trace of verdure:—thefe were no other than the larve of an infignificant Moth, the fubje¢t of our prefent Plate.

The ravages committed by this infet were affuredly lefs confider- able than the vulgar were inclined to believe: true to their natural inftinét, fome particular vegetables were preferred to others, and thefe they devoured with impunity, while others were only partially attacked, as though eaten with reluctance in the general fcarcity of their natural food; and again, others being {till lefs palatable, entirely efcaped their devastation. The afpect of vegetation was neverthelefs fuch as might justly create alarm: plants, hedges, nay, whole plantations of fruit- trees, as well as trees of the forett, fhared in the general havoc, pre- fenting their leaflefs branches in the midft of fummer, as though ftricken and deftroyed by the blafts of winter. An appearance fo ex- traordinary was calculated to create terror: it was naturally inter- preted as a vifitation from heaven ordained to deftroy all the fources of vegetable life, to deprive men and cattle of their moft effential food, and finally leave them a prey to famine.—Such were the vulgar fears; but thanks to Providence, the deftroying powers of thefe creatures were reftricted by their inftinéts; their attacks were principally directed againft the oak, the elm, the hawthorn, and fruit-trees: the fodder for the cattle and the harveft for mankind remained untouched. The appearance of fuch a hoft of little depredators feems, however, to have afforded a feafonable admonition, evincing to an unthinking

VOL, XVI. | G multitude

42 PLATE DLV.

multitude how eafily the comforts, nay, even the very exiftence of man

inay be affailed by a creature fo infignificant, had not the jimits of its savages been prefcribed by Him “ who wills and is obeyed ;’—its n- trufions certainly created alarm, but did little ferious injury.

This is no exaggerated piéture of the public mind on the occafion to which we refer; its alarm was fo powerful, and prevailed to fuch an extent, that prayers were publicly offered up in the churches to avert the calamity it was fuppofed they weye intended to produce. The webs containing the larva were colleGted in many places about the metropolis by order of the parifh officers, who allowed a certain price to the poor for gathering them, and fuperintended the burning of them in large heaps with coal and faggots, a circumftance within our own memory. At this precife period the tra€t by Mr. Curtis, as above related, appeared. In this memoir the hiftory, manners, and propenfities of this little creature were explained, and the informa- tion it afforded muft have undoubtedly contributed in an effeutial manner to calm the terror before excited. Neither can we regard its publication as being devoid of utility in another material refpect. It muft furely have inclined the more refleéting part of the commu- nity, at leaft, to view the purfuits of the Entomologift, then confef- fedly in a ftate of infancy in this country, with higher efteem than it had been previoufly accuftomed to confider them. |

“ The attention of the public (fays Mr. Curtis) has of late been ftrongly excited by the unufual appearance of infinite numbers of large white webs, contaming Caterpillars, confpicuous on almoft every hedge, tree, and fhrub in the vicinity of the metropolis; refpecting which advertifements, paragraphs, letters, &c. almoft without number, have appeared in the feveral newfpapers, moft of which, though written with a good intention, have tended greatly to alarm the minds of the people, efpecially the weak and the timid. Some of thofe writers have gone fo far as to affert, that they were an unufual prefage of the plague; others, that their numbers were great enough to render the air neftis

‘ential, and that they would mangle and deftroy every kind of vege= ~ oe ‘ ©

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PLATE DLV. 43

table, and ftarve the cattle in the fields. From thefe alarming mif- reprefentations, almoft every cne ignorant of their hiftory has been under difmal apprehenfions concerning them; and even prayers have been offered up in fome churches to deliver us from the apprehended approaching calamity.”— Some idea may. be formed (lays the fame author in a note on the above paflage) of their numbers from the following circumftances. In many parifhes about London fub- fcriptions have been opened, and the poor employed to cut off and collect the webs at one fhilling per buthel, which had been burned under the infpection of the churchwardens, overfeers, or beadles of the parifh; at the firft onfet of this bufinefs, fourfcorce bufhels, as 1 was mott credibly informed, were colleGted in one day in the

parifh of Clapham.”

One objec in writing this traét was to fhew, that the infe&t was not new in this country, the fpecies being found every year, and in fome abundance, though not in plenty fufficient to excite the public attention. It was then known, as the author obferves, by thofe who collected infects as the caterpillar of the Brown-tail Moth. Nor is it peculiar to this country, being found in many parts of Europe. Albin, who publifhed in 1720, fays, the caterpillars lay themfelves up in webs all the winter, and as foon as the buds open they come forth and devour them in fuch a manner that whole trees, and fome- times hedges, for a great way together, are abfolutely bare. Geoffroy defcribes it as the moft common of all infeéts about Paris, where it is found on moft of the trees, which it often ftrips entirely of their foliage in the fpring. Our great naturalift Ray defcribes it

likewife.

With refpeét to the caterpillars of the Brown-tail Moth in the year 1782, and alfo in the year preceding, Mr. Curtis obferves | their numbers were uncommonly great and unufually extenfive, though he does not pretend to ftate the precife track in which they are found, having had no opportunity of obferving it, remarking only

in this particular, that when infects are multiplied im this extraor- | GQ dinary

44, Pata EPP.

dinary manner it is feldom that they extend through a whole coun- try. “ On the Kiagfton road I traced them (fays this author) as far as Putney Common, on the farther part of which, on the trees about Coombe Wood and Richmond Park, a web was not to be feen. I remarked, that they were extremely numerous at the diftance of about eight miles on the Uxbridge road. On the great weftern yoad they terminated about the Star and Garter leading to Kew; from whence to Alton in Hampfhire not one was vifible ; and I have received undoubted information from other quarters, that the de- firuciion they occafioned is by no means general.”

Our remarks on the partiality fhewn by thefe infects for fome ve- getables im preference to others will be eafily perceived from the following ftatement: during the feafon mentioned (and in this they are invariably conftant) they occurred on the hawthorn moft plen- tifully, oak the fame, e/m very plentifully, mo/t fruit-trees the fame, blackthorn plentifully, rose-trees the fame, and bramble the fame: en the willow and poplar fearce, and none were noticed on the elder, the waluut, ath, fir, or herbaceous plants. Thus it appears, that the prmcipal injuries fuftained are in the orchard, the cater- pillars deftrouying the bloffoms as well as the leaves, and thereby the fruit in embryo; the lofs of the leaves merely in many other trees, fhould it happen in the fpring, being of fmall importance, as thefe are rettored before the end of fummer.

Thefe caterpillars have happily many enemies; they are delec- table food for moft birds, who eagerly devour them; they are alfo victims to the Ichneumon fly, which deftroys them by myriads, and it is fuppofed the abfence of the latter, from fome unknown caufe, might have eontributed, for one or two feafons, to their immenfe increafe. The young caterpillars are hatched early in autumn. As foon as they quit the ege th gin fpinni i formed a Fait oe. ne isesauets pee ae aaned G ne Ate ; a ohage by eating, hke moft other larva, the upper furface and flefhy part of the leaf. In thefe webs, which are progreflively increafed in fize as necef-

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PLATE DLV, 45

fity requires, they live in focieties till they attain their laft kin, when each fpins a feparate web or cocoon for itfelf: in this it pafles to the pupa form about the beginning of May, and after remaining a fhort time the Moth is produced *. There is more

than one brood m a year, the fpecies being found in a winged in July and Augutt.

_* It remains in the chryfalis about three weeks. Curtis,

PLATE

io8

PEAR -DUXVIT. PHALENA LUBRICIPEDA.

SPOTTED BUFF MOTH. LEPIDOPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Antenne taper from the bafe: wings in general defleGted when at rest: fly by night. SPECIFIC CHARACTER

AND

SYNONYMS.

Wings yellowifh, with black dots generally in an oblique tranfverfe

row.

PHALENA LUBRICIPEDA. Marfh. Linn. Tranf..T.1. p. 71. tab.

1. fig: 2. BomByx LuBRICIPEDA, Linn. I’n. Sv. 1138. mas. Fabr. Syji. Ent. 576. 68.

The larva of this kind is hairy and brownish, with a lateral white {tripe :. it feeds on herbaceous plants, and is found nm Augult, The

fly appears in June.

PLATE

VOL. XVI. L

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PHALAENA PAPYRATIA, WATER ERMINE-MOTH. LEPIDOPTERA.

* Bombyx.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Antenne taper from the bafe: wings in general defleGted when at atreft. Fly by night.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND

SYNONYMS,

Wings fnowy white with black dots at the tip: abdomen with five rows of black dots.

Bomsyx Paryratia. Marfh. Linn. Tranf. 1. p. 72. tab. 1. fig. 4.

Refembies the large or common Ermine Moth, and feems to have been very frequently confounded with that fpecies till its fpecifical diftinétion was pointed out by our worthy friend Thomas Marfham, Efq. in a memoir printed in the firft volume of the Tranfactions of the Linnean Society. It differs principally in having black dots at the tip of the wings only, except one or two reaching in a line towards

* B. Menthraftri of Fabricius. the

80 PLATE DLXXI.

the bafe: the abdomen fulvous, and the tip white. In P. Erminea

the black dots on the wings are more numerous.—We muit, however, add, that, in fome inftances, the wings of Bombyx papyratia occurs

with fcarcely any black dots, The female has alfo, in general, fewer

fpots than the male.

This fpecies in the larva ftate feeds on aquatic plants, and, as the trivial name implies, is ufually found in watery places in the winged state. ‘The larva is fufcous and hairy; pupa black.

PLATE

Py o3c |

Re re ln Ce KX EX.

PHALENA MENTHRASTRI

SPoTTED WHITE Moru.

LEPIDOPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Antenne taper from the bafe: wings in general deflected when at arelt, Fly by night.

Bombyx.

SPACIFIC GHARACTER AND

SYNONYMS. White with black fpots ; abdomen orange, with black fpots. .

PHALANA MENTHRASTRI: alis deflexis albis nigro fubpun€iatis, abdominis dorfo fulvo nigro punétato, femoribus anticig luteis. Tab. Ent. Syft. T. 3. p. 1. 452. 140.

Bombyx Menthraftri. Wien. Verz 54. 2.—Roef. Inf. Phal. 2, t. 46. Knoch. Beytr. 3. tab. 2. fig. 5. 18.

cor SD SRG TE EI TRE I a OM

This Infe& has been confounded with Falena lubricipeda by Linneus; he makes it the variety 8 after De Geer. In this he has been followed by many other authors ; and though Roefel, by giving the larva and Pupa of each, in two diftinct plates, evidently thought them different fpecies, his obfervations had no weight with other Naturalifts; even Fabricius, in his Species Infecferum, gives them

under

PLATE CLXXXIX.

: : P i / s under one fpecific name. In his lait work, Entomologe Syftematica,

he has divided them, leaving the P. lubricipeda under its former

name, and giving the fpecific name Menthraftri to the white fort, ag ° wie . . Fabricius mentions it as a

24

had been done in Vien. Verz. 54. 2. native of Germany, but from the figure of Roefel no doubt can be

entertained of its being precifely the fame as our Englith fpecies.

The Caterpillars of both forts are very general feeders; they will eat oak, fruit trees, and wild plants of almoft every kind. They are common in the fummer, change to chryfalis about Auguft, and appear in the winged ftate in May and June; but, there is more than one brocd of them in the courle of the year, fo that the time of their appearance is uncertain, The Caterpillars change their ikins 6ften; and change their colours at the fame time. Thofe of Phalana Menthraftri when {mall are a very bright tranfparent brown: then brown with dark ftripes. It is not black till it appears in the laft fkin ; and then, in many, the colour inclines to brown:

PLATS

a es: ie iho ed

ie by, 007]

ea he OXLTI,

PHALHNA DOMINULA.

ScaRLeT Ticer Morn.

LEPIDOPTERA,

GENERIC CHARACTER. Antenne taper from the bafe. Wings, in general contracted when at reft. Fly by night. )

Bombyx antennz of Male feathered, Female fetaceous.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND

SYNONYMS.

Firft Wings black glofly green, with orange and white fpots. Second Wings and Abdomen fcarlet, with black fpots.

Phalena Dominula: alis incumbentibus atris, maculis albo flavef- centibus, pofticis rubris nigro maculatis. Fab. Syft. Ent. 583. 93.-—Spec. Inf. 2. 200. 130.

Phalena Dominula. Nofua {pirilinguis levis, alis depreffis nigris :

| fuperioribus ceruleo flavo alboque, inferioribus rubro maculatis. Linn. Sy/t. Nat. 2. 509. 68 edit. 10.

eos PE a <i

=

Formerly this beautiful Moth was found in great abundance at

Charlton in Kent, but within the laft two or three years moft of the broods

88 PLA PRs broods have been wantonly deftroyed, and they are now feldom

with. In the caterpillar ftate they deed « on nettles and hous’

June tHe Moth comes forth.

‘it

* Cynogloffum officinale.

tT

PLATE

7

[69

iA ioRiolE ds in CXY NEV,

PHALENA PLANTAGINIS, SMALL TIGER.

LEPIDOPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Antennz taper from the bafe. Wings in general deflexed when at reft. Fly by night.

Bombyx antennz of the male pectinated or feathered.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Firft Wings yellow, fecond Wings orange colour ; both clouded with black. Body orange and black.

PHALZNA PLANTAGINIS elinguis. alis deflexis atris, rivulis flavis, inferioribus rubro maculatis. Linn. Sy/?. Nat. 2. 820. 42.—mn. Sv. 1132. PHALANA pectinicornis elinguis, alis deflexis, fuperioribus fufcis, maculis luteis, inferioribus rubris, ma- culis quatuor nigris. Geof. Inf. 2. 10g. Io. Phalena Alpicola. Scop. carn. 507. Wilk. pap. 24. tab. 3. a 5» Roef. Inf. 4. tab. 24. Fab. foec. Inf. 2. 196. 115. L’Ecaille brune. Geofr. Der Wegerichfpinner. Die fpanifche Fahne. Die befchleierte Birenphalene. Panf. Fauz. Inf. Germ.

2 This

7° PLATE CXXXIV. : This fpecies feeds on nettles, chickweed, plantain, grafs, &c.

The Caterpillars very much refemble thofe of the large Garden Tiger

Moth*, except in fize; they change into chryfalis about the middle

of April, and appear in the winged {tate the latter end of May.

We have not found this Infect fo plenty as the Ruby Tiger Motht, and it is infinitely more fcarce than the great Garden Tiger Moth,

figured in the early part of this Work. A variety of this fpecies, with crimfon under wings, is found in y Pp ’ g

the Eaft Indies and in America. The under wings of the female, in the European fpecimens, are much redder than in the male.

* Phal. Caja. 4 Phal. Fuliginofa.

PLATE

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PHABANA FULIGINO®A.

Rusy-Ticer Morn.

LEPIDOPTERA, 2

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Antennz taper from the bafe. Wings, in general, contracted when at reft. Fly by night. * Spiral trunks ; back fmooth without creft.

SHRECTEIC CHARACTER:

Superior wings red brown; a black dot near the center of each. Inferior wings, rofe colour with black marks *. Abdomen, rofe co- lour with a chain of black {pots down the center, anda row of dots on each fide.

Sy. Ent. 588. 111.

Linn. Syft. Nat. 2. 836. 95.—Fun. Sv. 115g, Raj. Inf. 228. 13.

Harr. Aurel, Tab. 12.

Inf. Anglic. Tab. 8. Fig. 7.

Ammir. Inf. Tab. 30.

Roef. Inf. 1. Phal. 2. Tab. 43.

Wik. Pap. Tab. 2a. t4,

* The black marks on the under wings of different fpecimens vary very much; in fome the black occupies half the fpace of the wings 5 in others the rofe colour is

_ predominant.

E The

“iy ¢- ome ne « ‘ ni PLA ¥-E- XXX. Sie

The leaves of Alder or Birch, the Turnip, Muftard, and Rag- wort, with many other vegetables, are noticed by different, authors» — as being proper food for the Ruby Tiger Moth in the larva ftate ; I have obferved that they prefer the leaves of. ‘the Ragwort or Groundfel.

The Caterpillars are {mall in the month of May, in June they pafs to the pupa form, and early in the month following, appear in the winged ftate *. * * ®.

"

This fpecies is lefs frequent than the Cream Spot Tiger Moth +,

lately figured in this work.

* Jn a forward feafon like the prefent, the time of their appearance ingrhe differ ftates may vary confiderably, efpecially as fome may have two, or even three broods in one fummer. I have a Moth from a fecond brood, which paffed to the pupa form the 25th of July, and came forth the roth of Auguft, 1794¢

+ Pb, Villica,

PLATE

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WGLUNUT

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L237 4

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PHALENA JACOBEARE

CInNABAR Morug,

LEPIDOPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER. PHALZANA,

Spiral Trunk ; Back fmooth, without Creft,

SPECIFIC CHARACTER,

Antennz and body black. Firft Wings dark olive, with longitu- dinal red line near the anterior margin, and two red fpots near: the exterior. Second Wings red, with a black margin. Sy ft. Ente 588. 113.—Linn. Sy. Nat. 2. 839. 111.—Fa, Sv. 1155.

_ As the Rag-wort grows fpontaneoufly in almoft every part of the country, the yearly increafe of the Cinnabar Moth Caterpillars is ge- nerally confiderable ; and though many muft inevitably perith before they arrive at perfection, the Fly may always be found in be in June, the Caterpillars in Jwy and Auguft.

PLATE

uw

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PLA ME. CCCIX,

PHALZENA CORYLI.

Nut-TREE Tussocx Moru.

GENERIC CHARACTER,

Antenne taper from the bafe: wings in general deflected when at reft. Fly by night.

SPECIFIC CHAR ACIS fh.

Wings deflected, greyifh: on the interior pair a broad ferruginous band marked in the middle with two black points encircled with white. j PHALZNA Coryut: alis deflexis glaucis: fafcia ferruginea;

puncto nigro albo annulato, thorace variegato. Linn. Syft. Nat. 2. 823. 60.—In, Sv. 1123.—fab. Ent. Syft. T. 3. p. 2. 444, fp. 114.

Degeer Inf. \. tab. 18. fig. 4. 5.

Roef. Inf. \. phal. 2. tab. 58.

Albin. Inf. tab. 90.

—

Found on the nut-tree in the larva flate in May. Preparatory to its next change, the larva fpins a fine web between the leaves in which it affumes the pupa form. The moth appears in July.

E PLATE

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197

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Peed eG,

PHALZANA CQ@RULEOCEPHALA.

Ficure oF Eicur Moru.

LEPIDOPTERA.

GENERIC CHARACTER,

Antennz taper from the bafe, Wings in general deflexed when at reft. Fly by night,

SPECTFIG. CHARACTER.

Antennz feathered. Superior wings brown, marbled with blueifh green; the refemblance of a double figure of eight on each, Inferior wings lighter with a brownifh fcallopped margin.

PHALENA CcerULEOCEPHALA elinguis criftata, aie deflexis grifeis, ftigmatibus albidis coadunatis. — Linn. Syft. Nat. 2. 826. 59,—/n. Su. 1117.

PHALzna pedinicornis elinguis, alis deflexis fufcis, macula du- plici albo favefcente, geminata. Geoff. Inf. 2.12.2. 27° Raj. Inf. 163..am Goed. Inf. 1. tab. 61. Reaum. Inf. 1. tab. 18. fig. 6. 9. Roef. Inf. 1. phal. 2, tab. 16. Frifch. Inf. 10. tab. 3: fg. Ae Merian. Europ. tab. 9. Albin. Inf. tab. 13. fig. 17+ Wilks Pap. 6. tab. 1. a 12. Haris. Aurel. pl. 30. @. bt. ae Fab. Spec. Inf. 2. 184. 72

N The

76 PLAWox&.

The Caterpillars of this fpecies are found in their laft fkin about the latter end of May, or early in June; they change into chryfalis a few days after. The Moth is produced in Auguft. ©

In the Caterpillar ftate they are met with in great plenty, either on the crab tree, black thorn, or white thorn; but are not fo abundant

in the laft ftate, as many perifh when in chryfalis,

They change into chryfalis within a hard cafe, which they faften to the fmall ftems of trees.

PLATE

take Rees: ago eet ets:

ees

Ab o>

be at

y

pe 5 tt

Hosa melee

nt

16

ae se

P Bieter Boke oR

PHALANA FUNALIS. Festroon Movruah.

LEPIDOPTERA,

We EME RIC CHAR ACTE R. .

Antennz taper from the bafe, Wings, when at reft, generally contracted, Fly by night.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER:

Upper wings orange, rather inclining to brown ; with a black line nearly of a triangular form on each; when the wings are expanded the lines refemble a feftoon, Under wings orange, clouded and frofted with black; margin pale, 7

We are happy to prefent our Subfcribers with the figure of a Moth which is fearcely known among the Englifh Collectors, and we may yenture to afiert on the beft authority has not a place in any cabinet of Infeéts in this metropolis, except that of the Author; indeed the who appears to have been fo fortunate as to meet with it except himfelf, is Mr. Lewin, who formerly refided at Dartford; he d it as fuch an invaluable rarity, that had not a figure of it been difcovered in Ree/el, it would no doubt have been publifhed in the Tranfactions of the Linnzan Society ; it muft, however, be ob- ferved, that the Infect Roefel has figured is a foreign fpecimen.

only perfon

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10 PLA T & UXXVI.

On the communication of Mr. Jones, of Chelfea, we prefume that this Infect was formerly known among the Englifh Collectors, and received from them the appellation /e/loon AZorh, but it muft have been extremely rare even at that time, as it does not appear in Eianmiss Lit® of Englifh Moths, nor has a fingle fpecimen, or its remains, been found among the old Collections, which have been handed down to . the Entomologifts of the prefent day.

On the 16th of Auguft, 1793, 1 fhook the Caterpillar from one of | the high branches of an oak-tree, in Darent wood, Kent; it remained motionlefs for fome time when in the net, and I concluded that it might have fuftained an injury by its fall; but I foon after difcovered that it was naturally a fluggifh, inactive creature, and had received no da- mage; it remained feveral days in the Caterpillar ftate, but as it was almoft ready to change into Chryfalis, I had only an opportunity cf

being convinced that oak was its proper food.

This Caterpillar is a moft fingular creature; at one time it would flatten itfelf, and be confiderably extended in breadth, or length; at another time it would gather itfelf up like an hedge-hog, or become ~-almoft round, and in a few minutes after it would be flat again; and frequently the orange colour on the back would be obliterated; fome- times it fo nearly refembled the Caterpillars of feveral of the Papilio tribe, that I fufpeMed it to be one of the Hair-ftreak Butterflies, or rather the Caterpillar of a new fpecies. On the 23d of Auguft it began to fpin, and in a fhort time after its cafe was completed,

The cafe in which it paffed to the Pupa ftate, was very firmly con+ ftructed, and precluded an Opportunity of obferving the different fymptoms of change, which would otherwife have been vifible. This cafe, which was exactly in the form of an egg, flefh colour, but in the courfe of a few da very fine fanguineous,

was at firft of a pale

ys it had heightened to a and after to a {carlet, or nearly vermilion co- our; this colour it retained for feveral months, but as the time for

the emancipation of the Moth within approached, the brightnefs of* red

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red fomewhat abated, though even after the Fly came forth, much of the original colour remained,

The manner in which it burfts open the cafe is rather fingulars it does not force an opening in an irregular form, as moft Infects which fpin a cafe, but defcribes an exact circle within at one end; after this it divides its cafe according to that circle, only leaving a fmall portion to act as an hinge; when it has extricated itfelf from the Chryfalis, it forces the top of the cafe back, as fhown in our Figure, and thereby a free paflage is opened for its delivery.

The infide of the cafe is perfectly fmooth, and appears as if po= lithed by art; it is of a pale blue colour, the Chryfalis within is brown.

The Fly came forth on the 12th of July, 1794.

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PL A T Ect Cecxvi

PHALZNA GONONSTIGMA.

Scarce Vapourer Moru.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Antennz taper from the bafe. Wings in general deflexed when at reft. Fly by night.

SPECT CHARACT HR AND

SYNONYMS.

Wings incumbent, brown. ‘Iwo white fpots on the firft wings ; ene placed on the anterior, and the other nearly oppofite, on the pofterior margin. Female without wings.

PHAL2Na GONONSTIGMA: acis incumbentibus fufcis: maculis duabus albis oppofitis, foemina aptera. Linn. Sy/t. Nat. 2. 826. 57.—Fab. Ent. Syfi.T. 3. p. 1. p. 477- Sp. 217. Reef. Inf. . phal. 2. tab. 40. Albin. Inf. tab. go.

The Phalena Gononftigma, and Phalena Antiqua are very fimilar both in the larva and winged ftate, as well asin the extraordinary appearance of the apterous female. Hence former collectors of Englifh infeéts denominated them trivially the Scarce and Common Vapourer Moths. It is evident from thofe allufive names, that the

Jatter

62 PLA FE COCxVi,

latter was more frequently taken than the other ; at this time Pha- Jana Antiqua is found very common, but the latter fo rarely, that we never met with it, in the winged ftate, till this fummer.

Once found the larva on an oak in Coombe Wood, Surry, but it

died foon after.

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Pi ABE. XV

Ped Adee NA AN EE 1@ UU, A.

Wutite Spot Tussocx Motu, OR “Noa P-O U RP EVE.

LEPIDOPTERA.

CENERIC CHARACTER,

Antenne taper from the bafe: wings in general defle€&ted when at

teft. Fly by night. SPECIFIC CHARAULER AND SYNONYMS.

Anterior wings ferruginous, with a white lunule at the pofterior angle: female apterous.

PuaLana ANTIQUA: alis primoribus ferrugineis: lunula alba anguli pofterioris: feminaaptera. Linn. Fn.Suec. 1120.

Gmel. Linn. Syft. Nat. T. 1. p. 5. 2439. 56.

fa ES

The female Vapourer Moth appears at firft fight to refemble an apterous infect ; but on infpeétion will be found to exhibit a pair of wings of very minute fize at the bafe of the thorax; and befides this, the antennz are alone fufficiently. charaéteriftic to determine it an infe&t of the Phalanatribe. It creeps in a fluggifh manner, and lays

an abundance of eggs.

Wes 1. The female.

Fic. 2. The male. The

38 PLA BE {XVI

The Caterpillars feed on white thorn, and on fruit trees in general. They have been known to live on the deadly night-fhade, and other poifonous plants. The fpecies is found in the Caterpillar ftate in

July, and the Moth in September.

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